Oracle 11g Software Installation on Linux—CentOS-6

Introduction

This papertakes a look at installing Oracle 11g (11.1) on Linux (CentOS-5).You can readabout CentOS at www.centos.org and beassured of its' Enterprise-class quality. This paper will use Oracle's QuickInstallation Guide for Linux x86 as its' guide—noting where additionalinformation may be obtained but getting Oracle installed on Linux as fast aspossible. We at thecheapdba.com have years of experience installingOracle—starting back with Oracle 7. We will point out best practices so thatyou end up with a reliable database that provides exceptional performance. Wewill occasionally re-visit, edit, and post additions to this paper as we findfurther configuration best practices.

This paperwill not cover the installation of CentOS-5 as that can be acquired through theCentOS website and additional Linux guides. We will however point out thosealterations to the Linux environment that pertains to getting Oracle installed.

Our goalis to provide you with the steps to properly install the Oracle 11g softwarewithout having to read Oracle's installation guide from front to back cover. Wewill provide you the commands to execute (just cut-n-paste) and the desiredoutcome of those commands. If you get something other than what is expected itwould be time for you to re-visit earlier steps in this process. So hold on,here we go.

It isassumed that the installer of Oracle software has access and is running on an XWindow System workstation. Please consult X Server documentation if you needhelp. We at thecheapdba.com typically will use cygwin ( www.cygwin.com ) for all interfacing with ourLinux distribution. It has an X Window System that works quite well—and as wealways like is free.

 

Checking Hardware Requirements

Log into the CentOS-5 system as the root user.

Forsetting up the system to be used by Oracle there are a few prerequisites thatmust be checked and possibly changed by the root user. Log in as the root userand this document will tell you when it is time to switch from the root user tosomeone else.

How much memory

command:grep -i memtotal /proc/meminfo

results:should be at least 1GB

 

How much swap

command:grep -i swaptotal /proc/meminfo

results:should be 1.5 the size of memtotal if memtotal < 2GB

         should be equal to memtotal ifmemtotal is between 2GB and 8GB

         should be .75 the size of memtotal ifmemtotal > 8GB

 

What processor type

command:grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo

results:informational

How much available RAM and swap

command:free

results:informational

 

How much shared memory available

command:df -k /dev/shm

results:informational

purpose:The shared memory should be sized to be at least the greater ofMEMORY_MAX_TARGET and MEMORY_TARGET for each Oracle instance on the computer.

 

How much disk space in /tmp

command:df -k /tmp

results:should have at least 400MB available

 

How much disk space for Oracle binaries

command:df -k

results:Depending on installation type you should have between 1.5GB and 3.5GB

 

Checking Software Requirements

What distribution and version of Linux is installed

command:cat /proc/version

results:Linux version 2.6.18-8.1.15.el5 (mockbuild@builder6.centos.org)

         (gcc version 4.1.1 20070105 (Red Hat4.1.1-52))

         #1 SMP Mon Oct 22 08:32:04 EDT 2007

 

What version of the kernel is installed

command:uname -r

results:2.6.18-8.1.15.el5

 

 

Are the following packages installed (assumes CentOS-5 andabove distribution)

command:rpm-q binutils \

            compat-libstdc++ \

            elfutils-libelf \

            elfutils-libelf-devel \

            glibc \

            glibc-common \

            glibc-devel \

            glibc-headers \

            gcc \

            gcc-c++ \

            libaio-devel \

            libaio \

            libgcc \

            libstdc++ \

            libstdc++ \

           make \

            sysstat \

            unixODBC \

            unixODBC-devel

results:you will probably get quite a few packages that are not installed with atypical installation. You can investigate missing packages with the followingcommand making sure you add/subtract from this list if necessary.

yumlist available "compat*" \

                   "elfutils*" \

                   "glibc*" \

                   "gcc*" \

                   "libaio*" \

                   "sysstat*" \

                   "unixODBC*"

action: Our base installation left us needing to issue the following command toinstall missing packages.

 

yum-y install compat-libstdc++-296.i386 \

               compat-libstdc++-33.i386 \

               elfutils-libelf-devel.i386 \

               glibc-devel.i386 \

               glibc-headers.i386 \

               gcc.i386 \

               gcc-c++.i386 \

               libaio-devel.i386 \

               sysstat.i386 \

               unixODBC.i386 \

               unixODBC-devel.i386

 

 

Create Oracle user and group

Create groups oinstall & dba

command:/usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall

         /usr/sbin/groupadd dba

 

Create the Oracle and change password

command:/usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba -s /bin/bash oracle

         /usr/bin/passwd oracle

 

Validate the nobody user exists

command:/usr/bin/id nobody

results:this user is almost always created on a base CentOS installation

action: if this user is not created use the following command to create

         /usr/sbin/useradd nobody

 

Configuring kernel parameters

Thefollowing kernel parameters must be validated and possibly changed. Use thecommands given below to view a particular kernel setting and then change if thesetting is lower than the recommendation given in the following table.

 

Youcan make the changes by editing the /etc/sysctl.conf file and then rebootingthe server. The following results are what we observed on our server and shouldnot be expected on yours.

shmmni	4096
shmall	2097152
shmmax	2147483648
semmsl	250
semmns	32000
semopm	100
semmni	128
file-max	65536
ip_local_port_range	1024 - 65000
rmem_default	1048576
rmem_max	1048576
wmem_default	262144
wmem_max	262144

 

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep kernel.sem

results:kernel.sem = 250        32000   100     128

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep kernel.shm

results:kernel.shmmni = 4096

         kernel.shmall = 268435456

         kernel.shmmax = 4294967295

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max

results:fs.file-max = 102440

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range

results:net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 32768   61000

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default

results:net.core.rmem_default = 109568

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max

results:net.core.rmem_max = 131071

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default

results:net.core.wmem_default = 109568

 

command:/sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max

results:net.core.wmem_max = 131071

 

sample/etc/sysctl.conf file. This is given as an example only and does not reflectthe results obtained above by the /sbin/sysctl commands. Only add lines thatare needed and do not change any values to be lower than the base installationmight have assigned.

 

kernel.shmall = 2097152

kernel.shmmax = 2147483648

kernel.shmmni = 4096

kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128

fs.file-max = 65536

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000

net.core.rmem_default = 4194304

net.core.rmem_max = 4194304

net.core.wmem_default = 262144

net.core.wmem_max = 262144

 

 

Setting shell limits for the Oracle user

Add the following lines to /etc/security/limits.conf

oracle softnproc  2047

oracle hard nproc 16384

oracle soft nofile 1024

oracle hard nofile 65536

 

Add the following lines to /etc/pam.d/login

session required/lib/security/pam_limits.so

session required pam_limits.so

 

Add the following lines to /etc/profile

if [ $USER ="oracle" ]; then

  if [$SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then

    ulimit-p 16384

    ulimit-n 65536

  else

    ulimit-u 16384 -n 65536

  fi

fi

 

Creating Directories to Install the Oracle Software

Validate you have enough space on disk and choose adirectory to install

command:df -k

results:pick a mount point that has enough space—we have chosen /opt for the our.

 

Create subdirectories and give permissions to the oracleuser

Thefollowing directory used is common for Oracle installations. Note that we arecreating all directories under /opt and that there are no other applicationsusing /opt/app and below. This is very important as we are changing permissionswith the following commands.

command:mkdir -p /opt/app/oracle/product/11.1.0

         chown -R oracle:oinstall /opt/app

         chmod -R 775 /opt/app

 

Switch to the oracle user

Upto know we have been doing everything as the root user. It is now time toswitch to the oracle user to actually install the Oracle software.

command:su – oracle

Add the following line to $HOME/.bash_profile

umask022

 

 

Execute oracle's bash_profile to use new setting

command:. ./.bash_profile

 

Make sure the oracle user is using an X Windows System

Itis assumed you know how to set up an X Windows System as stated earlier in thedocument. Please verify it is working by issuing the xterm command andvalidating an X Terminal comes up. You may close the X Terminal if you wish.

 

Set Oracle environment for the installation

Issuethe following commands to set/unset particular Oracle environments inpreparation for the installation.

command:export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/app/oracle

         export ORACLE_SID=orcl

         unset ORACLE_HOME

         unset TNS_ADMIN

Start Oracle Installer

Thispaper assumes you have downloaded the Oracle software from the net and haveunzipped the files. We have unzipped our software into /opt and the followingcommands will take you through starting the Oracle installer form that mountpoint.

command:cd /opt/database

         ./runInstaller

Fromthis point, Oracle will do a few minor checks on the operating system and thenput up the Oracle Installation screen. Our particular configuration did notthrow any errors at this point but it should be noted, as it can be helpful,that sometimes the Oracle installer will complain at this very early stageabout various Linux system configurations. If this is the case you might beable to bypass them by adding an additional argument to the runInstallercommand. Please only use this as a last resort to the normal installation path.

command:./runInstaller -ignoreSysPrereqs

 

Fromthis point on we will walk through each of the prompts one at a time to giveyou a simple feel for a full installation of the Oracle software.

 

Select installation method

Thisscreen is very busy to say the least. We are not going to create any databasesat this point as it is not required nor is it suggested to do at this point. Welike to create databases separately through the Database Creation Assistant (DBCA)and not confuse the software installation process.

1.    Choosebasic installation

1.    verifyOracle Base of '/opt/app/oracle'

2.    verifyOracle Home of '/opt/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1'

3.    verifyinstallation type of 'Enterprise Edition'

4.    verifydba group of 'dba'

2.   Un-check “CreateStarter Database”

3.   Un-check “AdvancedInstallation”

4.    Click<NEXT>

 

Specify Inventory directory and credentials

1.    verifypath of inventory directory of '/opt/app/oraInventory'

2.    verifygroup name for install of 'oinstall'

3.    Click<NEXT>

 

Product-Specific Prerequisite Checks

Thisscreen, the installer will verify the system environment and report on anyissues it may find. If all goes well you will get the status of 'Succeeded' forevery check. Scroll through and make sure nothing has failed or look at thestatus box at the bottom of the screen and verify you get the following:

'Check complete. The overall result of this check is:Passed'

1.    verifyall statuses

2.    Click<NEXT>

 

Summary

Thisscreen give a summary of the installation you are about to perform. It can beinteresting to click and expand the products being installed to give you anidea of the what product and version is going to be installed.

1.    validate'Global Settings' for directories

2.    validate'Space Requirements'

3.    Click<NEXT>

 

 

Install

Thisscreen gives a status of what is being installed. If all system settings havebeen properly set and all packages been installed properly then this shouldproceed without error. The status bar gives some indication of what is beinginstalled at a particular point and the amount of work to be performed. But asall status bars you never really know how long in the process it is.

1.    Notethe time it takes for specific products. If you notice one hanging or taking along amount of time (greater than 10 minutes) you could have a condition thatrequires a pre-installation patch. Don't stop the installer yet but insteadstart looking for a bug / patch for the Oracle 11g installation process and theactual product being installed.

2.    ExecuteConfiguration scripts

1.    openup a different terminal window

2.    loginas the root user

3.    run/opt/app/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh

4.    run/opt/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1/root.sh

1.    acceptdefault of /usr/local/bin

5.    Click<OK>

3.    Click<EXIT>

4.    Click<YES>

 

Cleanup

1.    Ifyou downloaded the software from the net you can now remove .zip file and thecomplete directory structure you unzipped it to. That particular command is notgiven here as it can be quite disastrous if executed from the wrong directory.

2.    Addthe following lines to oracle's $HOME/.bash_profile file. This will allow youto execute various Oracle binaries to create databases, configure networksettings, and generally manage the Oracle database environment.

exportORACLE_HOME=/opt/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1

exportPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH

 

Installation is complete

Congratulationson a successful installation of the Oracle software. This paper hopefully wasalso successful in its attempt to guide you down a more simplistic path—givingyou the commands to execute and working past the minor hurdles encounteredduring installation. Obviously this paper can not predict all the issues thatyou may encounter but if you have a relatively current system with ample memoryand disk space there is no reason not to believe your installation wouldn't runsmoothly.

参考网址:

http://www.jameskoopmann.com/docs/Install_Oracle11gCentOS5.htm