msdn随手笔记(二)-printf and wprintf;

1.printf Type Field Characters

The type character is the only required format field; it appears after any optional format fields. The type character determines whether the associated argument is interpreted as a character, string, or number. The types C and S, and the behavior of c and s with printf functions, are Microsoft extensions and are not ANSI compatible.

printf Type Field Characters

Character	Type	Output format
c	int or wint_t	When used with printf functions, specifies a single-byte character; when used with wprintf functions, specifies a wide character.
C	int or wint_t	When used with printf functions, specifies a wide character; when used with wprintf functions, specifies a single-byte character.
d	int	Signed decimal integer.
i	int	Signed decimal integer.
o	int	Unsigned octal integer.
u	int	Unsigned decimal integer.
x	int	Unsigned hexadecimal integer, using "abcdef."
X	int	Unsigned hexadecimal integer, using "ABCDEF."
e	double	Signed value having the form [ – ]d.dddd e [sign]ddd where d is a single decimal digit, dddd is one or more decimal digits, ddd is exactly three decimal digits, and sign is + or –.
E	double	Identical to the e format except that E rather than e introduces the exponent.
f	double	Signed value having the form [ – ]dddd.dddd, where dddd is one or more decimal digits. The number of digits before the decimal point depends on the magnitude of the number, and the number of digits after the decimal point depends on the requested precision.
g	double	Signed value printed in f or e format, whichever is more compact for the given value and precision. The e format is used only when the exponent of the value is less than –4 or greater than or equal to the precision argument. Trailing zeros are truncated, and the decimal point appears only if one or more digits follow it.
G	double	Identical to the g format, except that E, rather than e, introduces the exponent (where appropriate).
n	Pointer to integer	Number of characters successfully written so far to the stream or buffer; this value is stored in the integer whose address is given as the argument.
p	Pointer to void	Prints the address of the argument in hexadecimal digits.
s	String	When used with printf functions, specifies a single-byte–character string; when used with wprintf functions, specifies a wide-character string. Characters are printed up to the first null character or until the precision value is reached.
S	String	When used with printf functions, specifies a wide-character string; when used with wprintf functions, specifies a single-byte–character string. Characters are printed up to the first null character or until the precision value is reached.

Note   If the argument corresponding to %s or %S is a null pointer, "(null)" will be printed.

2.Format Specification Fields: printf and wprintf Functions

A format specification, which consists of optional and required fields, has the following form:

%[flags] [width] [.precision] [{h | l | I | I32 | I64}]type

Each field of the format specification is a single character or a number signifying a particular format option. The simplest format specification contains only the percent sign and a type character (for example, %s). If a percent sign is followed by a character that has no meaning as a format field, the character is copied to stdout. For example, to print a percent-sign character, use %%.

The optional fields, which appear before the type character, control other aspects of the formatting, as follows:

type

Required character that determines whether the associated argument is interpreted as a character, a string, or a number (see the printf Type Field Characters table.

flags

Optional character or characters that control justification of output and printing of signs, blanks, decimal points, and octal and hexadecimal prefixes (see the Flag Characters table). More than one flag can appear in a format specification.

width

Optional number that specifies the minimum number of characters output (see printf Width Specification).

precision

Optional number that specifies the maximum number of characters printed for all or part of the output field, or the minimum number of digits printed for integer values (see the How Precision Values Affect Type table).

h | l | I | I32 | I64

Optional prefixes to type-that specify the size of argument (see the Size Prefixes for printf and wprintf Format-Type Specifiers table).

Security Note   Ensure that format specification strings are not user-defined. For example, consider a program that prompts the user to enter his name and stores the input in a string variable called name. To print name, do not do this:

printf( name ); // Danger!  If name contains "%s", program will crash

Instead, do this:

printf( "%s", name );