浅析值传递和引用传递

值传递和引用传递的区别

• 值传递是在方法函数入栈之后，将变量拷贝一份进入方法中。如果变量是基本类型，则直接进入方法函数的栈中；如果是引用类型变量，则与实参指向同一块堆区域。详情可见Java中的内存机制。
  值传递可以传递基本类型数据和引用类型数据的地址。

• 引用传递是指在函数方法入栈后，将实际参数的地址直接传递到函数中。因此，在函数方法中对参数进行修改，将影响到实际参数的值。
  引用传递传递的是句柄（也就是变量）本身的地址。

Java中只存在值传递（代码测试）

class Person {
    public String name;
    public Integer age;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

public class Test {
    public static void change1(int x1,int x2){
        int x3 = x1;
        x1 = x2;
        x2 = x3;
    }
    //这里交换的是方法change2中的person1和person2变量的指向
    //实际上堆中存放的数据并没有改变，主函数中的person1和person2的指向也没有改变
    public static void change2(Person person1,Person person2){
        Person person3 = person1;
        person1 = person2;
        person2 = person3;
    }
    //由于传入的是person1，person2的地址
    //change3可以对其指向的堆中的数据进行更改
    //因此，引用类型变量的属性值发生变化
    public static void change3(Person person1,Person person2){
        int age = person1.age;
        person1.age = person2.age;
        person2.age = age;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int a = 10;
        int b = 20;
        Person person1 = new Person();
        Person person2 = new Person();
        person1.age = 11;
        person2.age = 12;
        change1(a,b); 
        //result: a = 10,b = 20
        System.out.println(a + "   " + b);
        change2(person1,person2); 
        //result: person1.age = 11,person2.age = 12
        System.out.println("" + person1 + "   " + person2);
        change3(person1,person2); 
        //result: person1.age = 12,person2.age = 11
        System.out.println("" + person1 + "   " + person2);

    }
}

C++中存在引用传递（代码测试）

struct Person {
    std::string name;
    int age;

    std::string toString() const {
        return "Person{name='" + name + "', age=" + std::to_string(age) + "}";
    }
};

void change1(int& x1, int& x2) {
    int x3 = x1;
    x1 = x2;
    x2 = x3;
}

void change2(Person*& person1, Person*& person2) {
    Person* person3 = person1;
    person1 = person2;
    person2 = person3;
}

void change3(Person* person1, Person* person2) {
    int age = person1->age;
    person1->age = person2->age;
    person2->age = age;
}

int main() {
    int a = 10;
    int b = 20;

    Person* person1 = new Person();
    Person* person2 = new Person();

    person1->age = 11;
    person2->age = 12;

    change1(a, b);
    // result: a = 20, b = 10
    std::cout << a << "   " << b << std::endl;

    change2(person1, person2); 
    // result: person1->age = 12, person2->age = 11
    std::cout << person1->toString() << "   " << person2->toString() << std::endl;

    change3(person1, person2); 
    // result: person1->age = 11, person2->age = 12 (再次交换)
    std::cout << person1->toString() << "   " << person2->toString() << std::endl;

    delete person1;
    delete person2;

    return 0;
}