MySQL的定义、操作、控制、查询语言的用法

 

MYSQL语句:有2种
        DDL, DML
            DDL: CREATE, ALTER, DROP
            DML:  INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, SELECT
            DCL: GRANT(授权), REVOKE(撤销授权)
            mysql命令中不区分字符大小写,但命令要与操作对象区分大小写;一般命令用大写,操作对象用小写;

例如:在centos 7
> help create:查看使用创建的命令帮助;
> HELP CREATE DATABASE

> show collation; 查看支持的所有排序规则集;
> show character set; 查看支持的所有字符集;

> CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS testdb; 创建名为testdb的数据库,且如果不存在就创建;
                
            数据库管理:
                创建数据库:
                    CREATE  {DATABASE | SCHEMA}  [IF NOT EXISTS]  db_name;
                        指明默认字符集:[DEFAULT]  CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
                        指明默认排序规则:[DEFAULT]  COLLATE [=] collation_name
                        
                    查看支持的所有字符集:SHOW CHARACTER SET
                    查看支持的所有排序规则:SHOW  COLLATION
                        同一种字符集有不同的排序规则;
                    
                修改数据库:
                    ALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA}  [db_name]
                        [DEFAULT]  CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
                        [DEFAULT]  COLLATE [=] collation_name

例如:
> help alter database 查看修改数据库命令帮助;

                        
                删除数据库:
                    DROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF EXISTS] db_name

                    注意:mysql数据库没有回收站,谨慎删除操作;

例如:
> help drop database; 查看删除数据库命令帮助;

]# cd /var/lib/mysq:数据库在文件系统上是以文件形式存储的;
可在此目录下看见,自己创建的数据库testdb;所以,也可在linux文件系统上创建一个数据库文件,在登录mysql也能看见,但里面不能存储数据;

注意:两个数据库名不要不区分大小写的相同名称;
                    
                查看数据库:
                    SHOW DATABASES LIKE  ‘PAT’; 查看模式中匹配的库;
                    SHOW DATABASES;  查看所有库;

                        
            表管理:
                创建表:有3种方式
                    CREATE TABLE  [IF NOT EXISTS]  tbl_name  (create_defination)  [table_options]
                    
                    create_defination:
                        定义字段:col_name  data_type
                        定义键:
                            PRIMARY KEY (col1, col2, ...) 定义主键约束字段
                            UNIQUE KEY  (col1, col2,...) 定义唯一键约束字段
                            FOREIGN KEY (column) 定义字段为外键约束
                        定义索引:
                            KEY|INDEX  [index_name]  (col1, col2,...)
                            
                    table_options:
                        ENGINE [=] engine_name 指定存储引擎;
                        
                    查看数据库支持的所有存储引擎类型:
                        mysql> SHOW  ENGINES;
                        
                    查看某表的存储引擎类型:
                        mysql> SHOW  TABLES  STATUS  [LIKE  'tbl_name']

                    查看表
                        SHOW TABLES LIKE  ‘PAT’; 查看模式中匹配的库;
                        SHOW TABLES;  查看所有表;

例如:
> help create table 查看创建表命令帮助;
> use testdb 先进入指定数据库中;
> CREATE TABLE students(id  INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, name CHAR(30) NOT NULL, age TINYINT UNSIGNED, gender ENUM('f','m'));
创建表student,字段分别为id字段类型为无符号、整型、,不能为空,name字段定长为30字节、不能为空,age字段为微小整型、无符号,gender字段枚举只能使用f或m;
注意:没有说明不能为空的字段,就可以为空;


> DESC students; 查看表中的字段;

> CREATE TABLE students(id  INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, name CHAR(30) NOT NULL, age TINYINT UNSIGNED, gender ENUM('f','m'));
其中:指定单独的一个字段为主键,即在id字段后设置PRIMARY KEY即可;
> DESC students

> CREATE TABLE students(id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, name CHAR(30) NOT NULL, age TINYINT UNSIGNED, gender ENUM('f','m'), PRIMARY KEY(id,name));
其中:指定多个字段为主键,即指定id和name字段为主键,在命令最后设置PRIMARY KEY(id,name)即可;
> DESC students;

注意:UNSIGNED在修饰类型的,必须跟在INT数据类型的后面设置;

> show table status\G 查看默认的表存储引擎类型,垂直显示;
> SHOW TABLE STATUS like 'students'\G 查看指定表存储引擎类型;

                修改表:
                    ALTER [ONLINE | OFFLINE] [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name  [alter_specification [, alter_specification] ...]
                    
                    alter_specification:修改规范
                        字段修改:
                            添加字段:ADD  [COLUMN]  col_name  data_type  [FIRST | AFTER col_name ]
                                FIRST:放在表的第一个字段;
                                AFTER col_name:放在指定字段的后面,不指明默认放在最后字段;
                            删除字段:DROP  [COLUMN] col_name
                            修改:
                                CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition  [FIRST|AFTER col_name]  大改,可改字段名
                                MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition  [FIRST | AFTER col_name] 小改,可改字段中的定义
                        键修改:
                            添加键:ADD  {PRIMARY|UNIQUE|FOREIGN}  KEY (col1, col2,...)
                                注意:添加唯一键和外键时,键是有名字的;
                            删除键:
                                主键:DROP PRIMARY KEY
                                外键:DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol
                                唯一键:DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name
                        索引修改:
                            添加索引:ADD {INDEX|KEY} [index_name]  (col1, col2,...)
                            删除索引:DROP {INDEX|KEY}  index_name
                                注意:索引可以有名字;
                        表选项修改:
                            ENGINE [=] engine_name

                            注意:改引擎比较危险,是先创建表,再按照目标存储引擎,把原数据导入,需要大量时间;
                        
                    查看表上的索引的信息:
                        mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM tbl_name;

可修改的内容有create_defination中定义的内容、table_options中定义的内容等;
> help alter table 查看修改命令帮助
> show tables; 查看所有表
> DESC students; 查看表中字段

> ALTER TABLE students ADD class VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL; 在students表中添加class字段,类型为可变长字段、长度最大100个字节、此字段不能为空;
> ALTER TABLE students DROP class; 删除表中的class字段

> ALTER TABLE students ADD class VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL AFTER name; 指定把class字段添加在name字段后面
> DESC students;

> ALTER TABLE students MODIFY class VARCHAR(100) AFTER age; 小改,把class字段改在age字段后面
> DESC students;

> ALTER TABLE students DROP PRIMARY KEY; 删除主键
> DESC students;

> ALTER TABLE students ADD UNIQUE KEY (name); 添加name字段为主键,如果此字段要求不能为空,则字段变为唯一键
> DESC students;

> SHOW INDEX FROM students; 查看tudents表中索引信息

> ALTER TABLE students DROP INDEX name; 删除students表中索引名为name

> ALTER TABLE students ADD INDEX class (class); 添加字段class的索引为class,索引名和字段名可相同

> SHOW INDEX FROM students; 查看表中的索引
> ALTER TABLE students DROP INDEX class;
> SHOW INDEX FROM students;
> DESC students;

注意:表是库中的,如果使用'use 库名'设定了默认库,可使用表的基名,如果没有设定默认库,则:
> SHOW TABLES FROM testdb; 指明仓库testdb数据库中的表
> CTEATE TABLE mydb.class 指明在mydb数据库中创建表名为class

使用库名.表名为绝对路径,使用use 库名,设定默认库;

                        
                删除表:
                    DROP  TABLE  [IF EXISTS]   tbl_name [, tbl_name] ...
例如:
> DROP TABLE students; 删除表studnets
                
                表的引用方式:
                    tbl_name 在使用use 库名设定默认库后,才能使用此方式;
                    db_name.tbl_name 即库名.表名是决对路径方式;
            
                第二种表的创建方式:
                    复制表结构;
                    
                第三种表的创建方式:
                    复制表数据;
            
            索引管理:
                索引是特殊的数据结构;
                
                索引:要有索引名称;没有修改,只有删除;
                
                创建索引:
                    CREATE  [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] INDEX  index_name  [BTREE|HASH]  ON tbl_name (col1, col2,,...)

                        UNIQUE 创建唯一键索引;前面介绍unique key也可创建唯一键索引;
                        FULLTEXT 创建全文索引;后面介绍;
                        BTREE|HASH 索引类型;mysql中只有memory表有哈希索引;而memory表很少手动创建,其它表又都不支持,所以只可手动创建为btree索引;

创建索引时,什么选项都不加默认创建为btree索引;
索引有两种类型,一种是树状是索引,一种是hash索引;mysql使用的是btree索引,b树索引也叫平衡树;b树索有3种:b-树,b树,b+树;mysql用的是b+树;

例如:
> SHOW TABLES FROM testdb;
> CREATE TABLE testdb.classes\c 取消执行命令语句;
> use testdb
> SHOW INDEX FROM students; 没有任何索引;
> CREATE INDEX name_and_class ON students (name,class); 添加name和class为索引,
> SHOW INDEX FROM students; 查看表中的索引;为多值索引;
                
                删除索引:
                    DROP  INDEX index_name ON tbl_name

例如:
> help drop index; 查看删除索引命令帮助;
> DROP INDEX name_and_class ON students; 删除索引;
> SHOW INDEX FROM students;
            
            服务器端命令:数据管理

            DML:INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, SELECT
                
                INSERT INTO命令:添加数据
                    INSERT  [INTO]  tbl_name  [(col1,...)]  {VALUES|VALUE}  (val1, ...),(...),...

                    col1对应val1,每个字段都应该对应一个值;可批量插入;
                    
                    注意:
                        字符型:必须用引号;
                        数值型:不能用引号;
例如:
> desc students;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(10) unsigned    | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name   | char(30)            | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| class  | varchar(100)        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age    | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| gender | enum('f','m')       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

> INSERT INTO students VALUES (1,'kobe',96,38,'m'); 在表中(没指明字段)每个字段都插入数据;第一个字段为1,第二字段为kobe,以此类推;

允许为空的字段,可以不给值;
> INSERT INTO students (id,name) VALUES (2,'jodan'),(3,'oneal'); 只添加id和name字段的值;添加2个;
                        
                SELECT命令:查询
                    (1) SELECT  *  FROM  tbl_name; 查看指定表中的所有字段;
                    (2) SELECT  col1, col2, ...  FROM  tbl_name; 查看指定表中的指定字段;这种方式叫投影;
                        显示时,字段可以显示为别名;
                            col_name  AS  col_alias
                    (3)  SELECT  col1, ...  FROM tbl_name  WHERE clause;
                        WHERE clause:用于指明挑选条件;一般为布尔型;
                            col_name 操作符 value:
                                例如:age > 30;
                                
                            操作符(1) :
                                >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=
                                
                            组合条件:
                                and
                                or
                                not
                                
                            操作符(2) :
                                BETWEEN ...  AND ... 数值范围内的闭区间;
                                LIKE 'PATTERN'  查询方式效率极低;
                                    通配符:
                                        %:任意长度的任意字符;
                                        _:任意单个字符;
                                RLIKE  'PATTERN'
                                    正则表达式对字符串做模式匹配;
                                IS NULL
                                IS NOT NULL
                    (4) SELECT col1, ... FROM tbl_name  [WHERE clause]  ORDER BY  col_name, col_name2, ...  [ASC|DESC];
                        指定字段排序;
                        ASC: 升序排序;默认;
                        DESC: 降序序;

内连接有如下三种:
等值连接:让表之间的字段以“等值”建立连接关系;
自然连接:等值连接不将重复属性去掉,而自然连接去掉重复属性,也可以说,自然连接是去掉重复列的等值连接。
不等值连接:等值连接:主要用除了等号之外的操作符,比如:<>、>、<、>=、<=、LIKE、IN、BETWEEN…AND。

 

学生表与班级表取左外连接

select s.stuid,s.name,c.class from students as s left join classes as c on s.classid=c.classid;

+-------+---------------+----------------+
| stuid | name          | class          |
+-------+---------------+----------------+
|     1 | Shi Zhongyu   | Emei Pai       |
|     2 | Shi Potian    | Shaolin Pai    |
|     3 | Xie Yanke     | Emei Pai       |
|     4 | Ding Dian     | Wudang Pai     |
|     5 | Yu Yutong     | QingCheng Pai  |
|     6 | Shi Qing      | Riyue Shenjiao |
|     7 | Xi Ren        | QingCheng Pai  |
|     8 | Lin Daiyu     | Ming Jiao      |
|     9 | Ren Yingying  | Lianshan Pai   |
|    10 | Yue Lingshan  | QingCheng Pai  |
|    11 | Yuan Chengzhi | Lianshan Pai   |
|    12 | Wen Qingqing  | Shaolin Pai    |
|    13 | Tian Boguang  | Emei Pai       |
|    14 | Lu Wushuang   | QingCheng Pai  |
|    15 | Duan Yu       | Wudang Pai     |
|    16 | Xu Zhu        | Shaolin Pai    |
|    17 | Lin Chong     | Wudang Pai     |
|    18 | Hua Rong      | Ming Jiao      |
|    19 | Xue Baochai   | Lianshan Pai   |
|    20 | Diao Chan     | Ming Jiao      |
|    21 | Huang Yueying | Lianshan Pai   |
|    22 | Xiao Qiao     | Shaolin Pai    |
|    23 | Ma Chao       | Wudang Pai     |
# |    24 | Xu Xian       | NULL           |
# |    25 | Sun Dasheng   | NULL           |
+-------+---------------+----------------+

学生表与班级表取左外连接,并且减去学生表与课程表交集部分
select s.stuid,s.name,c.class from students as s left join classes as c on s.classid=c.classid where c.classid is NULL;

+-------+-------------+-------+
| stuid | name        | class |
+-------+-------------+-------+
|    24 | Xu Xian     | NULL  |
|    25 | Sun Dasheng | NULL  |
+-------+-------------+-------+

计算女生成绩的平均值
select avg(age) from students group by gender having gender='F';


例如:
> SELECT * FROM students; 从students表中查看所有字段;
+----+-------+-------+------+--------+
| id | name  | class | age  | gender |
+----+-------+-------+------+--------+
|  1 | kobe  | 96    |   38 | m      |
|  2 | jodan |       | NULL | NULL   |
|  3 | oneal |       | NULL | NULL   |
+----+-------+-------+------+--------+

> SELECT id,name FROM students; 查看指定字段;即投影;
+----+-------+
| id | name  |
+----+-------+
|  1 | kobe  |
|  2 | jodan |
|  3 | oneal |
+----+-------+

> SELECT id as stuID,name FROM students; 显示时把id字段显示为别名为stuID;
+-------+-------+
| stuID | name  |
+-------+-------+
|     1 | kobe  |
|     2 | jodan |
|     3 | oneal |
+-------+-------+

> SELECT * FROM students WHERE id=1; 查询表中,id=1的所有信息;
+----+------+-------+------+--------+
| id | name | class | age  | gender |
+----+------+-------+------+--------+
|  1 | kobe | 96    |   38 | m      |
+----+------+-------+------+--------+

> SELECT * FROM students WHERE name='jodan'; 字符比较使用一个=也可以;
+----+-------+-------+------+--------+
| id | name  | class | age  | gender |
+----+-------+-------+------+--------+
|  2 | jodan |       | NULL | NULL   |
+----+-------+-------+------+--------+

> DESC students;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id     | int(10) unsigned    | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name   | char(30)            | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| class  | varchar(100)        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age    | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| gender | enum('f','m')       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

注意:char类型不区分大小写;

> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE age > 30 and age < 80; 组合条件查询;
> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE age >= 30 and age =< 80; 显示age和name字段,且符合age的条件;
> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE age BETWEEN 30 and 80; 同上,between..and表示范围区间;

> SELECT name FROM students WHERE name LIKE '%n%'; 使用mysql中的模式匹配查看name中包含n的字段;
+-------+
| name  |
+-------+
| jodan |
| oneal |
+-------+

> SELECT name FROM students WHERE name RLIKE '^.*n.*$'; 使用正则式模式匹配;查询结果同上;

> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE age IS NULL; 查询age字段为空,只显示name和age字段;
+-------+------+
| name  | age  |
+-------+------+
| jodan | NULL |
| oneal | NULL |
+-------+------+

> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE age IS NOT NULL; age字段不为空的字段;
+------+------+
| name | age  |
+------+------+
| kobe |   38 |
+------+------+

> SELECT id,name FROM students ORDER BY name; 根据name字段排序,默认为升序,只显示id和name字段;
+----+-------+
| id | name  |
+----+-------+
|  2 | jodan |
|  1 | kobe  |
|  3 | oneal |
+----+-------+

> SELECT id,name FROM students ORDER BY name DESC; 根据name降序排序;

注意:广义的查询,在增、删、查、改中都包含查询;

                DELETE:
                    DELETE   FROM  tbl_name  [WHERE where_condition]  [ORDER BY ...]  [LIMIT row_count]
                    
                    (1) DELETE  FROM  tbl_name  WHERE where_condition
                    (2) DELETE  FROM  tbl_name  [ORDER BY ...]  [LIMIT row_count]

                    注意:慎用删除;删除指明条件;
例如:
> DELETE FROM students WHERE age IS NULL;  删除age字段为空的行;
> SELECT * FROM students;
+----+------+-------+------+--------+
| id | name | class | age  | gender |
+----+------+-------+------+--------+
|  1 | kobe | 96    |   38 | m      |
+----+------+-------+------+--------+
注意:删除不指明条件,则整表都删除;

退出数据库,在linux中批量添加;
]# for i in {1..100};do AGE=$[$RANDOM%100];mysql -e "INSERT INTO testdb.students (id,name,age) VALUES ($i,\"stu$i\",$AGE);";done

]# mysql
> use testdb
> SELECT * FROM  student; 显示添加了100个用户;
> SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY age DESC; 手动排序,age字段为降序;
> DELETE FROM students ORDER BY age DESC LIMIT 20; 删除age最大的前20个用户的行;
> UPDATE students SET age=age-5 ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 5; 只改id最大的前10个用户,把age字段-10;
> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE name NOT LIKE 'stu%'; 查找name,age字段,name不是stu开头的字段的行;
+------+------+
| name | age  |
+------+------+
| kobe |   38 |
+------+------+

> UPDATE students SET age=age-5 WHERE name NOT LIKE 'stu%';查找name字段,不是stu开头的字段,age-5;
> SELECT name,age FROM students WHERE name NOT LIKE 'stu%';
+------+------+
| name | age  |
+------+------+
| kobe |   33 |
+------+------+
                    
                UPDATE:
                    UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table_reference  SET col_name1=value1 [, col_name2=value2] ... [WHERE where_condition]  [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT row_count]
                    
            用户账号及权限管理:
                
                用户账号:'username'@'host'
                    host:主机名,此用户访问当前mysql服务器时,允许其通过哪些主机远程创建连接;
                        表示方式:IP,网络地址、主机名、通配符(%和_);
                        
                    禁止检查主机名:my.cnf
                        [mysqld]
                        skip_name_resolve = ON
                        
                创建用户账号:
                    CREATE  USER   'username'@'host'  [IDENTIFIED BY  'password'];

例如:
> CREATE USER 'testuser'@'172.18.%.%.' IDENTIFIED BY 'testpass'; 创建用户testuser,密码为testpass;
> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; 刷新授权表;

]# mysql -utestuser -h172.18.11.2 -p
输入设置的密码登录成功;

> show databases;


                    
                删除用户账号:
                    DROP USER  'user'@'host' [, user@host] ...





                授权:
                    权限级别:管理权限、数据库、表、字段、存储例程;
                    
                    GRANT  priv_type,...  ON  [object_type]  db_name.tbl_name  TO  'user'@'host'  [IDENTIFIED BY  'password'];
                        
                        priv_type: ALL  [PRIVILEGES],权限还可为CREATE, ALTER, DROP, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, SELECT;
                        db_name.tbl_name:库名.表名;
                            *.*:所有库的所有表;
                            db_name.*:指定库的所有表;
                            db_name.tbl_name:指定库的特定表;
                            db_name.routine_name:指定库上的存储过程或存储函数;
                                如果db_name与routine_name同名,只能靠object_type来区别;
                        
                        [object_type]
                            TABLE 表
                            FUNCTION 函数
                            PROCEDURE 过程
                        
                    查看用户所获得的授权:
                        SHOW GRANTS FOR  'user'@'host' 查看指定用户所获得的授权:
                        
                        SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER; 查看当前用户的权限;

例如:
> GRANT SELECT ON testdb.students TO 'testuser'@'172.18.%.%'; 授权testuser用户有SELECT权限,对testdb库中的students表;
> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; 刷新授权;
> exit

]# mysql -utestuser -h172.18.11.2 -ptestpass
> SHOW DATABASES;
> use testdb;
> SELECT * FROM students;
> INSERT INTO students (id,name) VALUES (101,'NIK YANG'); 不能插入,没有insert权限;

> GRANT INSERT ON testdb.students TO 'testuser'@'172.18.%.%';
> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
> INSERT INTO students (id,name) VALUES (101,'NIK YANG');  此时有权限插入;

注意:授权时不影响原来的权限;授权是累加的;

> SHOW GRANTS FOR 'testuser'@'172.18.%.%'; 查看指定用户的授权;
> SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER; 查看当前用户的权限;


                        
                    回收权限:
                        REVOKE  priv_type, ...  ON  db_name.tbl_name  FROM  'user'@'host';
                        
                    注意:MariaDB服务进程启动时,会读取mysql库的所有授权表至内存中;
                        (1) GRANT或REVOKE命令等执行的权限操作会保存于表中,MariaDB此时一般会自动重读授权表,权限修改会立即生效;
                        (2) 其它方式实现的权限修改,要想生效,必须手动运行FLUSH PRIVILEGES命令方可;

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/tanxiaojun/p/11298345.html

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