编辑距离（Levenshtein Distance）

http://www.cnitblog.com/ictfly/archive/2005/12/27/5828.aspx

搞自然语言处理的应该不会对这个概念感到陌生，编辑距离就是用来计算从原串（s ）转换到目标串(t) 所需要的最少的插入，删除和替换的数目，在NLP 中应用比较广泛，如一些评测方法中就用到了（wer,mWer 等），同时也常用来计算你对原文本所作的改动数。
编辑距离的算法是首先由俄国科学家Levenshtein 提出的，故又叫Levenshtein Distance 。
Levenshtein distance (LD) is a measure of the similarity between two strings, which we will refer to as the source string (s) and the target string (t). The distance is the number of deletions, insertions, or substitutions required to transform s into t. For example,

• If s is "test" and t is "test", then LD(s,t) = 0, because no transformations are needed. The strings are already identical.
• If s is "test" and t is "tent", then LD(s,t) = 1, because one substitution (change "s" to "n") is sufficient to transform s into t.

The greater the Levenshtein distance, the more different the strings are.

Levenshtein distance is named after the Russian scientist Vladimir Levenshtein, who devised the algorithm in 1965. If you can't spell or pronounce Levenshtein, the metric is also sometimes called edit distance.

The Levenshtein distance algorithm has been used in:

• Spell checking
• Speech recognition
• DNA analysis
• Plagiarism detection

The Algorithm

Steps

Step	Description
1	Set n to be the length of s. Set m to be the length of t. If n = 0, return m and exit. If m = 0, return n and exit. Construct a matrix containing 0..m rows and 0..n columns.
2	Initialize the first row to 0..n. Initialize the first column to 0..m.
3	Examine each character of s (i from 1 to n).
4	Examine each character of t (j from 1 to m).
5	If s[i] equals t[j], the cost is 0. If s[i] doesn't equal t[j], the cost is 1.
6	Set cell d[i,j] of the matrix equal to the minimum of: a. The cell immediately above plus 1: d[i-1,j] + 1. b. The cell immediately to the left plus 1: d[i,j-1] + 1. c. The cell diagonally above and to the left plus the cost: d[i-1,j-1] + cost.
7	After the iteration steps (3, 4, 5, 6) are complete, the distance is found in cell d[n,m].

Example

This section shows how the Levenshtein distance is computed when the source string is "GUMBO" and the target string is "GAMBOL".

Steps 1 and 2

		G	U	M	B	O
	0	1	2	3	4	5
G	1
A	2
M	3
B	4
O	5
L	6

Steps 3 to 6 When i = 1

		G	U	M	B	O
	0	1	2	3	4	5
G	1	0
A	2	1
M	3	2
B	4	3
O	5	4
L	6	5

Steps 3 to 6 When i = 2

		G	U	M	B	O
	0	1	2	3	4	5
G	1	0	1
A	2	1	1
M	3	2	2
B	4	3	3
O	5	4	4
L	6	5	5

Steps 3 to 6 When i = 3

		G	U	M	B	O
	0	1	2	3	4	5
G	1	0	1	2
A	2	1	1	2
M	3	2	2	1
B	4	3	3	2
O	5	4	4	3
L	6	5	5	4

Steps 3 to 6 When i = 4

		G	U	M	B	O
	0	1	2	3	4	5
G	1	0	1	2	3
A	2	1	1	2	3
M	3	2	2	1	2
B	4	3	3	2	1
O	5	4	4	3	2
L	6	5	5	4	3

Steps 3 to 6 When i = 5

		G	U	M	B	O
	0	1	2	3	4	5
G	1	0	1	2	3	4
A	2	1	1	2	3	4
M	3	2	2	1	2	3
B	4	3	3	2	1	2
O	5	4	4	3	2	1
L	6	5	5	4	3	2

Step 7

The distance is in the lower right hand corner of the matrix, i.e. 2. This corresponds to our intuitive realization that "GUMBO" can be transformed into "GAMBOL" by substituting "A" for "U" and adding "L" (one substitution and 1 insertion = 2 changes).
由于，我在实际应用中要处理中文，每个汉字 在内存中占两个字节，如果单纯用上述程序进行比较，就会有一些微小错误容易让人忽视，如汉字的“ 啊” 和“ 阿” 他们就有一个字节是相同的，一个字节是不同 的，利用上述程序统计出的更改数除以2 就会出现半个字，所以，对于汉英混合文本统计更改数时，需先判断当前进行比较的两个字是汉字还是西文字母，然后填写 一个代价矩阵，在填写时，如果是汉字，要把其相邻的两个字节对应的代价矩阵赋为同一个值，具体做法，请看代码：
LD(const char *s, const char *t)
{
 int *d; // pointer to matrix
 int n; // length of s
 int m; // length of t
 int i; // iterates through s
 int j; // iterates through t
 char s_i1; // ith character of s
 char s_i2; // ith character of s
 char t_j1; // jth character of t
 char t_j2; // jth character of t
 int *cost; // cost 代价矩阵
 int result; // result
 int cell; // contents of target cell
 int above; // contents of cell immediately above
 int left; // contents of cell immediately to left
 int diag; // contents of cell immediately above and to left
 int sz; // number of cells in matrix

 // Step 1 

 n = strlen (s);
 m = strlen (t);
 if (n == 0)
 {
  return m;
 }
 if (m == 0)
 {
  return n;
 }
 sz = (n+1) * (m+1) * sizeof (int);
 d = (int *) malloc (sz);
 cost = (int *) malloc (sz);

 // Step 2

 for (i = 0; i <= n; i++)
 {
  PutAt (d, i, 0, n, i);
 }

 for (j = 0; j <= m; j++)
 {
  PutAt (d, 0, j, n, j);
 }
 for (int g=0;g<=m;g++)// 把代价距离矩阵全部初始化为同一个值，以后可根据此值判断相应的方格是否被赋过值
 {
  for(int h=0;h<=n;h++)
  {
   PutAt(cost,h,g,n,2);
  }
 }
 // Step 3

 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
 {

  s_i1 = s[i-1];
  s_i2 = s[i];
  bool sbd=false;
  bool tbd=false;
  if(s_i1>=' '&&s_i1<='@'||s_i1>='A'&&s_i1<='~' )
  {//s 为标点符号或其他非中文符号和数字
  sbd=true;
  }
  // Step 4

  for (j = 1; j <= m; j++)
  {

   tbd=false;
   t_j1 = t[j-1];
   t_j2 = t[j];
   // Step 5
   if(t_j1>=' '&&t_j1<='@'||t_j1>='A'&&t_j1<='~' )
   {//t 也为标点符号
    tbd=true;
   }
   if(!sbd)
   {//s 为汉字
    if(!tbd)
    {//t 也为汉字
     if (s_i1 == t_j1&&s_i2 == t_j2)
     {
      bool tt=false;
      int temp=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
      if(temp==2)
      {
       PutAt(cost,i,j,n,0);
       tt=true;
      }
      if(tt)
      {// 因为st 全市汉字，所以把代价矩阵他相邻的未赋过值的三个格赋值
       int temp1=GetAt(cost,i+1,j,n);
       if(temp1==2)
       {
        PutAt(cost,i+1,j,n,0);
       }
       int temp2=GetAt(cost,i,j+1,n);
       if(temp2==2)
       {
        PutAt(cost,i,j+1,n,0);
       }
       int temp3=GetAt(cost,i+1,j+1,n);
       if(temp3==2)
       {
        PutAt(cost,i+1,j+1,n,0);
       }
      }
     }
     else
     {
      bool tt=false;
      int temp=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
      if(temp==2)
      {
       PutAt(cost,i,j,n,1);
       tt=true;
      }
      if(tt)
      {
       int temp1=GetAt(cost,i+1,j,n);
       if(temp1==2)
       {
        PutAt(cost,i+1,j,n,1);
       }
       int temp2=GetAt(cost,i,j+1,n);
       if(temp2==2)
       {
        PutAt(cost,i,j+1,n,1);
       }
       int temp3=GetAt(cost,i+1,j+1,n);
       if(temp3==2)
       {
        PutAt(cost,i+1,j+1,n,1);
       }
      }
     }
    }
    else
    {//t 为符号
     bool tt=false;
     int temp=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
     if(temp==2)
     {
      PutAt(cost,i,j,n,1);
      tt=true;
     }
     if(tt)
     {
      int temp1=GetAt(cost,i+1,j,n);
      if(temp1==2)
      {
       PutAt(cost,i+1,j,n,1);
      }
     }
    
    }

   }
   else
   {//s 为符号
    if(!tbd)
    {//t 为汉字 
     bool tt=false;
     int temp=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
     if(temp==2)
     {
      PutAt(cost,i,j,n,1);
      tt=true;
     }
     if(tt)
     {
      int temp1=GetAt(cost,i,j+1,n);
      if(temp1==2)
      {
       PutAt(cost,i,j+1,n,1);
      }
     }
    }
    else
    {
     if(s_i1==t_j1)
     {
      int temp=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
      if(temp==2)
      {
       PutAt(cost,i,j,n,0);
      }
     }
     else
     {
      int temp=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
      if(temp==2)
      {
       PutAt(cost,i,j,n,1);
      }
     }
    }

   }

    // Step 6

   above = GetAt (d,i-1,j, n);
   left = GetAt (d,i, j-1, n);
   diag = GetAt (d, i-1,j-1, n);
   int curcost=GetAt(cost,i,j,n);
   cell = Minimum (above + 1, left + 1, diag + curcost);
   PutAt (d, i, j, n, cell);
  }
 }

  // Step 7

  result = GetAt (d, n, m, n);
  free (d);
  return result;

}