coherent memory

Memory is memory. But different things can access that memory. The GPU can access memory, the CPU can access memory, maybe other hardware bits, whatever.

A particular thing has "coherent" access to memory if changes made by others to that memory are visible to the reader. Now, you might think this is foolishness. After all, if the memory has been changed, how could someone possibly be unable to see it?

Simply put, caches.

It turns out that changing memory is expensive. So we do everything possible to avoid changing memory unless we absolutely have to. When you write a single byte from the CPU to a pointer in memory, the CPU doesn't write that byte yet. Or at least, not to memory. It writes it to a local copy of that memory called a "cache."

The reason for this is that, generally speaking, applications do not write (or read) single bytes. They are more likely to write (and read) lots of bytes, in small chunks. So if you're going to perform an expensive operation like a memory load or store, you should load or store a large chunk of memory. So you store all of the changes you're going to make to a chunk of memory in a cache, then make a single write of that cached chunk to actual memory at some point in the future.

But if you have two separate devices that use the same memory, you need some way to be certain that writes one device makes are visible to other devices. Most GPUs can't read the CPU cache. And most CPU languages don't have language-level support to say "hey, that stuff I wrote to memory? I really mean for you to write it to memory now." So you usually need something to ensure visibility of changes.

In Vulkan, memory which is labeled "HOST_COHERENT" means that, if you write to that memory (via a mapped pointer, since that's the only way Vulkan lets you directly write to memory), you don't need to use special features to make sure the GPU can see those changes. The GPU's visibility of any changes is guaranteed. If that flag isn't available on the memory, then you must use Vulkan APIs to ensure the coherency of the specific regions of data you want to access.

With coherent memory, one of two things is going on in terms of hardware. Either CPU access to the memory is not cached in any of the CPU's caches, or the GPU has direct access to the CPU's caches (perhaps due to being on the same die as the CPU(s)). You can usually tell that the latter is happening, because on-die GPU implementations of Vulkan don't bother to offer non-coherent memory options.

简单点说，如果memory是coherent，CPU对memory的读写会立即被GPU看到。