Boost库高效内存管理——smart_ptr库——scoped_ptr/scoped_array

Boost库有着”C++’准’标准库”之称,内容涵盖字符串处理,正则表达式,容器与数据结构,并发编程,函数式编程,泛型编程,设计模式实现等许多领域,这一篇学习Boost高效的内存管理方法
之前学习过C++11中的智能指针auto_ptr/shared_ptr/unique_ptr ,读者可以回顾一下。实质上,C++新标准的TR1库收录了Boost库中的shared_ptr和weak_ptr
智能指针的作用将申请的空间交由对象管理,不再需要程序员手动delete掉申请的空间,而是交由析构函数在对象过期时析构。

本章主要剖析scoped_ptr,scoped_array,shared_ptr,shared_array,weak_ptr

scoped_ptr

scoped_ptr所有权机制更加严格,不能转让(这是因为它的拷贝构造函数以及赋值函数被声明成私有的)

为了更好理解scoped_ptr

release函数

//代码片1 release函数
//release()设auto_ptr为NULL,返回其内部指针
class auto_ptr_with_deleter
{
public:
    explicit auto_ptr_with_deleter(T* p) :
        m_p(p)
    {}
    ~auto_ptr_with_deleter(){
        if (m_p)
            boost::serialization::access::destroy(m_p);
    }
    T* get() const {
        return m_p;
    }

    T* release() {
        T* p = m_p;
        m_p = NULL;
        return p;
    }
private:
    T* m_p;
};

checked_delete函数

//代码片2      checked_delete函数
template<class T> inline void checked_delete(T * x)
{
    // intentionally complex - simplification causes regressions
    typedef char type_must_be_complete[ sizeof(T)? 1: -1 ];
    (void) sizeof(type_must_be_complete);
    delete x;
}
关于type_must_complete的介绍

The checked delete idiom relies on calls to a function template to delete memory, rather than calls to delete, which fails for declared but undefined types.
The following is the implementation of boost::checked_delete, a function template in the Boost Utility library. It forces a compilation error by invoking the sizeof operator on the parameterizing type, T. If T is declared but not defined, sizeof(T) will generate a compilation error or return zero, depending upon the compiler. If sizeof(T) returns zero, checked_delete triggers a compilation error by declaring an array with -1 elements. The array name is type_must_be_complete, which should appear in the error message in that case, helping to explain the mistake.
被检查的删除习语依赖于对功能模板的调用来删除内存,而不是调用delete,对于已声明但未定义的类型而言,该方法失败。
以下是boost :: checked_delete的实现,Boost实用程序库中的函数模板。 它通过调用参数化类型T的sizeof运算符来强制编译错误。如果T声明但未定义,则sizeof(T)将根据编译器生成编译错误或返回零。 如果sizeof(T)返回零,则checked_delete通过声明具有-1个元素的数组来触发编译错误。 数组名称是type_must_be_complete,在这种情况下应该出现在错误消息中,有助于解释错误。
简单点说,就是如果类型未定义,编译时,checked_delete错误信息将出现type_must_be_complete,使得错误更加明了

举个例子
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#if TEST
void Test();

    template<class T> 
inline void checked_delete(T * x)
{
    typedef char type_must_be_complete[ sizeof(T)? 1: -1 ];
    (void) sizeof(type_must_be_complete);
    delete x;
}
#else
    template<class T> 
inline void checked_delete(T * x)
{
    delete x;
}
#endif

int main()
{
    checked_delete(Test);
}
测试

这里写图片描述

unspecified_bool_type函数

//代码片3      用来测试scoped_ptr是否持有一个有效的指针(非空),如if(sp){...}

operator unspecified_bool_type() const // never throws
{
        return px == 0? 0: unspecified_bool;
}

“scoped_ptr.h”全注释

#ifndef BOOST_SMART_PTR_SCOPED_PTR_HPP_INCLUDED
#define BOOST_SMART_PTR_SCOPED_PTR_HPP_INCLUDED

//  (C) Copyright Greg Colvin and Beman Dawes 1998, 1999.
//  Copyright (c) 2001, 2002 Peter Dimov
//
//  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
//  accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
//  http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//
//  http://www.boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/scoped_ptr.htm
//

#include <boost/assert.hpp>
#include <boost/checked_delete.hpp>
#include <boost/detail/workaround.hpp>

#ifndef BOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR
# include <memory>          // for std::auto_ptr
#endif

namespace boost
{

// Debug hooks

#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)

void sp_scalar_constructor_hook(void * p);
void sp_scalar_destructor_hook(void * p);

#endif

//  scoped_ptr mimics a built-in pointer except that it guarantees deletion
//  of the object pointed to, either on destruction of the scoped_ptr or via
//  an explicit reset(). scoped_ptr is a simple solution for simple needs;
//  use shared_ptr or std::auto_ptr if your needs are more complex.

template<class T> class scoped_ptr // noncopyable
{
private:

    //原始指针 
    T * px;

    //拷贝构造函数and赋值操作符被声明成私有的,作用:
    //不允许将指针所有权移交给其他对象,当然成员函数get()违背了这一点,将原始指针脱离对象的控制。
    scoped_ptr(scoped_ptr const &);
    scoped_ptr & operator=(scoped_ptr const &);

    typedef scoped_ptr<T> this_type;
    //等于and不等于声明成私有,作用:
    //不允许比较
    void operator==( scoped_ptr const& ) const;
    void operator!=( scoped_ptr const& ) const;

public:

    typedef T element_type;

    //不允许隐式转换
    explicit scoped_ptr( T * p = 0 ): px( p ) // never throws
    {
#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)
        boost::sp_scalar_constructor_hook( px );
#endif
    }

#ifndef BOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR
    //p.release()设auto_ptr为NULL,返回其内部指针,如代码片1所示
    explicit scoped_ptr( std::auto_ptr<T> p ): px( p.release() ) // never throws
    {
#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)
        boost::sp_scalar_constructor_hook( px );
#endif
    }

#endif
    //析构函数,调用checked_delete而不是delete,如代码片2所示详解
    ~scoped_ptr() // never throws
    {
#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)
        boost::sp_scalar_destructor_hook( px );
#endif
        boost::checked_delete( px );
    }
    // this_type是scoped<T>的别名,这里做法很高明
    // 将p的所有权交给无名临时对象,使reset总共达到了两个目的:
    // (1)将px与p交换,
    // (2)reset调用完毕,无名临时对象被释放,即px被释放
    void reset(T * p = 0) // never throws
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( p == 0 || p != px ); // catch self-reset errors
        this_type(p).swap(*this);
    }

    // 解引用的重载,返回对象
    T & operator*() const // never throws
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( px != 0 );
        return *px;
    }

    //重载->,返回指针
    T * operator->() const // never throws
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( px != 0 );
        return px;
    }

    // 返回原始指针,某些场景可以用到(如底层C接口),不过如果对这个指针进行delete操作,scoped_ptr析构时会发生未定义行为(如程序崩溃)
    T * get() const // never throws
    {
        return px;
    }

// implicit conversion to "bool"
#include <boost/smart_ptr/detail/operator_bool.hpp>

    // 交换两个指针
    void swap(scoped_ptr & b) // never throws
    {
        T * tmp = b.px;
        b.px = px;
        px = tmp;
    }
};

template<class T> inline void swap(scoped_ptr<T> & a, scoped_ptr<T> & b) // never throws
{
    a.swap(b);
}

// get_pointer(p) is a generic way to say p.get()

template<class T> inline T * get_pointer(scoped_ptr<T> const & p)
{
    return p.get();
}

} // namespace boost

#endif // #ifndef BOOST_SMART_PTR_SCOPED_PTR_HPP_INCLUDED

scoped_ptr与auto_ptr不同的是:auto_ptr可以转让使用权,在转让的时候,上一个指针失去使用权。而scoped_ptr不允许转让使用权。

scoped_ptr和auto_ptr都不能放在容器,auto_ptr是因为它只允许一个auto_prt使用指针,而scoped_ptr是因为不允许转让使用权,不支持拷贝和复制,不符合容器对元素的要求。

scoped_array

scoped_array功能类似scoped_ptr,scoped_array管理的是new[]开辟的数组,其析构函数调用的是delete[]释放数组。

它没有重载解引用*和箭头操作符->,因为它不是普通指针,而是一个数组。它重载了[],可以像使用数组下标那样访问数组。

#ifndef BOOST_SMART_PTR_SCOPED_ARRAY_HPP_INCLUDED
#define BOOST_SMART_PTR_SCOPED_ARRAY_HPP_INCLUDED

//  (C) Copyright Greg Colvin and Beman Dawes 1998, 1999.
//  Copyright (c) 2001, 2002 Peter Dimov
//
//  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
//  accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
//  http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//
//  http://www.boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/scoped_array.htm
//

#include <boost/assert.hpp>
#include <boost/checked_delete.hpp>
#include <boost/config.hpp>   // in case ptrdiff_t not in std

#include <boost/detail/workaround.hpp>

#include <cstddef>            // for std::ptrdiff_t

namespace boost
{

// Debug hooks

#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)

void sp_array_constructor_hook(void * p);
void sp_array_destructor_hook(void * p);

#endif

//  scoped_array extends scoped_ptr to arrays. Deletion of the array pointed to
//  is guaranteed, either on destruction of the scoped_array or via an explicit
//  reset(). Use shared_array or std::vector if your needs are more complex.

template<class T> class scoped_array // noncopyable
{
private:

    T * px;

    scoped_array(scoped_array const &);
    scoped_array & operator=(scoped_array const &);

    typedef scoped_array<T> this_type;

    void operator==( scoped_array const& ) const;
    void operator!=( scoped_array const& ) const;

public:

    typedef T element_type;

    explicit scoped_array( T * p = 0 ) : px( p ) // never throws
    {
#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)
        boost::sp_array_constructor_hook( px );
#endif
    }

    ~scoped_array() // never throws
    {
#if defined(BOOST_SP_ENABLE_DEBUG_HOOKS)
        boost::sp_array_destructor_hook( px );
#endif
        boost::checked_array_delete( px );
    }

    void reset(T * p = 0) // never throws
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( p == 0 || p != px ); // catch self-reset errors
        this_type(p).swap(*this);
    }

    //重载[],可以像访问数组一样访问其元素
    T & operator[](std::ptrdiff_t i) const // never throws
    {
        BOOST_ASSERT( px != 0 );
        BOOST_ASSERT( i >= 0 );
        return px[i];
    }

    T * get() const // never throws
    {
        return px;
    }

// implicit conversion to "bool"
#include <boost/smart_ptr/detail/operator_bool.hpp>

    void swap(scoped_array & b) // never throws
    {
        T * tmp = b.px;
        b.px = px;
        px = tmp;
    }
};

template<class T> inline void swap(scoped_array<T> & a, scoped_array<T> & b) // never throws
{
    a.swap(b);
}

} // namespace boost

#endif  // #ifndef BOOST_SMART_PTR_SCOPED_ARRAY_HPP_INCLUDED

但是,scoped_ptr功能有限,需要动态增长,还是建议使用vector

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