读书笔记【Remote Sensing Handbook】

原文是正常字体，简单的翻译在句末的加粗汉字。
词汇表是带专业性质的个别词汇。
纯手打字，英文可能会拼错。

• VLM I / CPT 1 - 3
• VLM I / CPT 4 - 31
• VLM II
• VLM III

VOLUME I: REMOTELY SENSED DATA CHARACTERIZATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND ACCURACIES

Foreword

• Both of these platforms are nearing their operational life, and many of the climate data records from MODIS will be continued with the visible infrared imaging radiometer(VIIRS) instrument on the polar orbiting meteorological satellites of NOAA. The first of these missions, the NPOES Precipitation Project(NPP), was launched in 2012 with the first VIIRS instrument that is operating currently among several other instruments on this satellite. MODIS会逐渐被VIIRS取代
• Sea level is the uniquivocal indicator of Earth’s climate – when sea level rises, the planet is warming; when sea level falls, the planet is cooling. 海平面高度与全球变暖相关
• The sun is not to blame for global warming, based on solar irradiance data from satellites. 太阳常数没有显著变化
• Sea level rise of 60% is explained by a mass balance of melting of ice measured by GRACE satellites. 40% is explained by thermal expansion in the planet’s oceans measured by in situ ~3700 dirfting floats. 海平面上涨归因于融冰和海洋热力膨胀

CHAPTER 1

• Traditional remote sensing involves two basic process: data acuisition and data analysis. 遥感技术的两个主要过程
• One of the main advantages of using active systems relate to the characteristics of the active energy used, which is solar energy independent and least affected by atmospheric constiuents. This provides huge advantages for remote sensing over regions such as tropical environments where clouds and rain are frequent weather events that interfere with traditional optical/passive systems. 主动遥感多用于热带地区
• The ground sample distance(GSD) could be smaller than the spatial resolution of an image acqiured by a remote sensing system. 地面采样间距与空间分辨率不一定对等
• In general, spatial resolution can be categorized into five classes: 0.5-4.9m(very high resolution), 5.0-9.9m(high resolution), 10.0-39.9m(medium resolution), 40.0-249.9m(moderate resolution), and 250m-1.5km(low resolution). 空间分辨率分级
• SPOT-1 acquired the first 10m resolution images in 1986; then in 1995, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite(IRS-1C) image exceeded the 6m spatial resolution. In 1999, IKONOS satellite provided imagery with 1m spatial resolution, the 0.5m spatial resolution imagery was obtained by WorldView-1 after that, and finally, the highest resolution imagery of 41cm was obtained with GeoEye in 2007. All these high-spatial-resolution satellite images are acquired with panchromatic bands. 高分辨率全色影像的发展史
• In near-polar orbits, the satellites’ inclination to the Earth is nearly 90°. Thus, the satellite can virtually see every part of the Earth as Earth rotates beneath the satellite. It takes approximately 90min for the near-polar-orbiting satellites to complete one orbit and is very useful for atmospheric measurements. 极轨卫星的特点
• In a superspectral imaging system, there are many more spectral channels(typically > 10). However, hyperspectral imaging systems acquire images in about 100 or more contiguous spectral bands. 超光谱和高光谱的波段数量
• In a wishbroom/whiskbroom system, the sensor detectors scan and record the reflected energy using oscillation mirrors that move across the satellite track, while the pushbroom system employ an array of detectors that are perpendicular to the satellite track. 推扫与摆扫
• Hyperion, AVIRIS, Hymap, and compact spectrographic imager(CASI) are examples of high-spatial-resolution hyperspectral system. 高空间分辨率的高光谱传感器
• The Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation(LASER) and RADAR altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data on detecting the bulges of water caused by gravity in the ocean. 激光和雷达可以测量海面凸起
• The first LiDAR application was in the field of meteorology; the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR) used LiDAR to measure the cloud distance from ground surface. LiDAR的首次应用
• Two types of technology share the name sonar: passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sound energy and listening for the echoes. 声呐包括主动和被动
• Doppler SODAR is widely used remote sensing system for weather forecasting. 多普勒雷达在天气预报中应用广泛
• It is persued that the upcoming satellite launched will be with the research-related nanosatellite platforms, satellite doing dual duties after expiration of successful first job assigned to satellites, and satellites launched with very-high-resolution imaging capabilities. 未来遥感平台趋势
• The future trend in remote sensing is to have full free-and-open data access, even for higher-resolution data. 未来遥感发展应注重数据开放共享

CHAPTER 2

• By the late 1960s, scientists in the U.S. Departments of Agriculture(DA) and Interior(DOI) had proposed a space mission delicated to acqiure synoptic, multispectral images of the Earth’s surface. The mission was launched in 1972 as the Earth Resouces Technology Satellites(ERTS), and renamed Landsat. The launch of the multispectral scanner system(MSS) onboard the ERTS/Landsat represents the begining of spaceborne terrestrial remote sensing. Landsat历史及意义
• SPOT-1(Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terra), the first of a series of multispectral satellites, was launched by the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales(CNES) in cooperation with Belgium and Sweden. SPOT-1由三国合作而来
• Although it may appear obvious to use satellites or airplanes to get a synoptic picture of entire ecosystems, routine monitoring of inland water is still based on traditional water sampling and does not make use of remote sensing. 内陆水体主要依靠实地采样
• The only way to determine water quality parameters reliably, that is, with known uncertainties, is to model the underlying physical processes using optical properties of all involved components. A number of models and inversion techniques have been developed over the years, but no one can be considered optimal for all situations. 水体遥感的光学复杂性
• So far, not only the complex optics of inland water prohibits their routine quality control from satellite, but also the problems of atmosphere and sun glint correction are not yet solved. 水体耀斑问题尚未有解决方案
• Digital Surface Model(DSM): Height information of the scenery envelope including man-made features and vegetation. Digital Terrain Model(DTM): Height information of the bare Earth surface without man-made features and vegetation. DSM和DTM的区别
• Although GDEM version 2 shows significant improvement over the previous releases, users are advised that the data contains anomalies and artifacts that will impede effectiveness for use in certain applications. GDEM version 2有缺点
• In general there coexist three models of data distribution policy: I.Web-enabled, free. II.Commercial, at a cost. Begin with the launch of IKONOS and QuickBird. III.Databuy: Public-private partnerships support the scientific community with cost-free data, but also seek to establish commercial EO markets, that is, assist developing remote sensing business in a way that follow-ups way may be financed by industry using the profit from selling data or products to nonscientific clients. The SPOT sensors are a successful example for a public-private partnership, which led to a commercial funding and operation of SPOT-6 by Airbus. 遥感数据的三种分发方式
• The coarse-scale hyperspectral GEO-CAPE(Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events) may be an improved MODIS successor. MODIS的后继者
• The commercial market is demanding high-resolution data, being usually acquired at X-band. 高分辨率雷达数据多源于X波段
• The MSI aboard Sentinel-2 covers 13 spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 10m x 10m(continuity of SPOT observation). MSI的分辨率是为了和SPOT链接
• The ocean and land color instrument(OLCI) is based on heritage from MERIS instrument but improved wavelength bands(21 compared to 15 on MERIS) with a spatial resolution of 300m x 300m(full resolution mode). Sentinel-3搭载的OLCI是MERIS的升级版
• Data continuity and availability are two important descisions of international data policies, which will improve EO data for a wide range of applicarions. 数据的连贯性和获取性
• Redundant developments and the replication of existing EO programs have often been perceived as a waste of resouces, but may also be seen as potential reservoir for innvations. 对地观测的质疑和潜力

CHAPTER 3

• Calibration is defined by the international Committee on Earth Observation Satellites(CEOS) Woking Group on Calibration and Validation as the process of quantitatively defining the system response to known, controlled signal inputs. CEOS定义的定标
• Atmospheric radiative transfer codes used for satellite image correction typically take (1-3) into account. Some codes take (5) into account, but those that include (4) are less. 辐射传输模型考虑的能量组分 1) direct solar illumination; 2) diffuse sky illumination; 3) atmospheric path radiance; 4) background object reflections; 5) adjacency effects

• The Lambertain surface spectral reflectance, ${\rho }_{surf}$, is defined as $\pi$ times the ratio of the radiance, $L$, upwelling from the target(as measured just above the target) divided by the downwelling irradiance, $E$, that illuminates the target: ${\rho }_{surf}(\overline{\lambda })=\frac{\pi \cdot L(\overline{\lambda })}{E(\overline{\lambda })}$ 地表反射率公式
• In the solar-reflective spectral domain, molecular(Rayleigh) scattering is strongest in the blue, aerosol scattering is strongest in the visible, ozone gas absorption is strongest in the green, and water vapor absorption is strongest in the near-infrared and shortwave infrared. 太阳反射窗区的各大气效应的主要谱段
• A widely accepted atmospheric correction code for research purposes is MODTRAN5. Most of the predominantly used codes tend to disagree significantly only for every large aerosol optical depths and/or large off-nadir illumination or viewing geometries(>60°). Thus, the choice of the code is not an important factor except for the correction of high spectral resolution data. Monochromatic computaions should not be used, and bandpass calculations based on relative spectral response profiles with 0.0025μm grid spacing or finer are recommended. Another caution is that Rayleigh scattering, a long-understood phenomenon, is not always computed accurately in atmospheric corretion codes. MODTRAN5常用，高光谱遥感的大气校正模型选择不太重要，瑞利散射通常计算不准确
• Clearly, a pixel is not a true geographical object, nor does it correspond exactly to the spatial resolution of the imaging sensor. The pixel is a sampling of the nonuniform PSF of a given IFOV of the sensor. 像元大小不代表地物实际或空间分辨率
• It has also been found that, in the case of Landsat-5 TM, the cross-track Ground IFOV(GIFOV) is on the order of 40-45m instead of the nominal resolution of 30m. L5分辨率例子
• Atmospheric refraction only becomes important for satellite sensors designed to study the Earth’s atmosphere at near-grazing angles. 大气折射
• The inclusion of multiple scattering is a greater concern for ocean color parameter retrieval than surface retrieval. 多次散射在水色遥感中更重要
• A rule of thumb to keep in mind is that the spatial resolution of the DEM used to define the slope and aspect data in the DTM should be twice as fine as the spatial resolution of the image data to be corrected for slope-aspect effects. DEM的分辨率需要是校正影像的两倍
• It is important to note that these radiomerty-ralated image-processing steps involve equations that are linear or nonlinear. 影像处理步骤是线性或非线性的
• The Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial and Helio Studies(TRUTHS) mission concept offers a novel approach to the provision of key scientific data with unprecedented rediometric acccuacy for Earth Observation and solar studies. TRUTHS简介

VOLUME II: LAND RESOURCES MONITORING, MODELING, AND MAPPING WITH REMOTE SENSING

VOLUME III: REMOTE SENSING OFWATER RESOURCES, DISASTERS, AND URBAN STUDIES

Vocabulary

English	中文
numerical simulation model	数值模拟模型
operational life	使用寿命
radar altimetry	雷达测高仪
float	浮标
troposphere	对流层
stratosphere	平流层
phytoplankton	浮游植物
manine	海洋的
permafrost	多年冻土
photosynthesis	光合作用
electromagnetic spectrum	电磁波谱
intersensor calibration	交叉定标
quantum leap	量子跃迁
tsunamis	海啸
satellite constellation	卫星星座
adjunct professor	客座教授
principal investigator	首席研究员
savannas	稀树草原
cartography	制图学
propagate	(电磁波的)传播
stealth	(雷达探测不到的)隐身
in collaboration with	在…辅助下
dynamic range	动态范围
time lag	(雷达的)时差
flux	通量
oscillation	振荡
particle	粒子
amplitude	振幅
noise equivalent power	噪声等效功率
stereo image	立体影像
payload	有效载荷
plant vigor	植物活力
soil nutrients	土壤养分
urban sprawl	城市蔓延(扩张)
resource inventory	资源调查
inclination	倾角
ancillary data	辅助数据
deciduous forest	落叶林
canopy	冠层
penetrate	穿透
ground-penetrating RADAR	探地雷达
fracture and faults	断裂和断层
shrub	灌木
estuary	河口
trilateration	三角测量
megapixel	百万像素
nominal cruise speed	标称巡航速度
costal erosion	海岸侵蚀
terrstrial	地面的
evergreen	常绿植物
antenna	天线
synoptic	天气
on-board calibration	星上定标
spatiotemporal	时空
accessory pigments	辅助色素
herbaceous vegetation	草本植物
thermal dilation	热膨胀
coarse-scale	粗尺度(低分辨率)
horticulture	园艺学
orchard	果园
livestock production	畜牧业
pasture	牧场
turf	草地
weed infestation	杂草危害
organic matter	有机物
mangroves	红树林
allometry	异速生长
fauna and alora	动植物
trophic state	营养状态
suspended matter	悬浮物
turbidity	浊度
Secchi depth(SD)	(水体的)透明度
euphotic depth	真光层深度
empirical algorithms	经验算法
sun glint	太阳耀斑
artifact	伪影
aviation	航空
photons	光子
adjacency effect	邻近效应
vacarious calibration	替代/外/在轨 定标
anisotropic	各向异性
molecular scattering	分子散射
transmittance	透过率
monochromatic	单色
point spread function	点扩散函数
refraction	折射
ephemeris	星历
cryogenic	低温