在实际的网络服务器应用程序中可能有成千上万个客户端同时连接服务器，此时为如果每个客户端创建单独的线程或进程可能不切实际。由于内存可用量受限，且主机的CPU能力有限，我们需要一种更好的技术来处理大量的客户端并发连接。Python提供的select模块能解决这一问题。Python中的select模块专注于I/O多路复用，提供了select poll epoll三个方法(其中后两个在Linux中可用，windows仅支持select)。
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import sys
import socket
import select
import signal
import argparse
class ChatServer(object):
def __init__(self, port, backlog=5):
self.clients = 0 #客户端数量
self.clientmap = {} #客户端映射
self.outputs = [] #输出套接字
#创建TCP套接字
self.server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
#启用地址重用
self.server.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
#绑定本机地址和端口号
self.server.bind(("0.0.0.0", port))
#侦听客户端连接
self.server.listen(backlog)
#捕捉用户中断操作
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self.sighandler)
#中断信号处理方法
def sighandler(self, signum, frame):
#关闭所有套接字连接
for output in self.outputs:
output.close()
#关闭服务器
self.server.close()
def get_client_name(self, client):
info = self.clientmap[client] #info的内容如：(('127.0.0.1', 56354), 'MyClient')
host,name = info[0][0],info[1]
return "@".join((name,host)) #返回内容如：MyClient@127.0.0.1
def run(self):
inputs = [self.server, sys.stdin]
self.outputs = []
running = True
while running:
try:
#开始select监听,对inputs中的服务端server、标准输入stdin进行监听
#select函数阻塞进程，直到inputs中的套接字被触发（在此例中，套接字接收到客户端发来的握手信号，从而变得可读，满足select函数的“可读”条件），readable返回被触发的套接字（服务器套接字）
#当再次运行此处时，select再次阻塞进程，同时监听服务器套接字和获得的客户端套接字
readable,writeable,exceptional = select.select(inputs, self.outputs, [])
except select.error, e:
print "Socket error: %s" % str(e)
except Exception as e:
print "Other exception: %s" % str(e)
break
#循环判断是否有客户端连接进来,当有客户端连接进来时select将触发
for sock in readable:
#判断当前触发的是不是服务端对象, 当触发的对象是服务端对象时,说明有新客户端连接进来了
#如果是服务器套接字被触发（监听到有客户端连接服务器）
if sock == self.server:
client,address = self.server.accept()
print "Chat server: got connection %d from %s" % (client.fileno(), address)
cname = client.recv(64).split("NAME: ")[1]
self.clients += 1 #客户端数量加1
client.send("CLIENT: "+str(address[0]))
inputs.append(client) #将客户端对象也加入到监听的列表中, 当客户端发送消息时 select 将触发
self.clientmap[client] = (address, cname) #客户端映射
#向其它客户端发送广播消息
msg = "\n(Connected: New client (%d) from %s)" % (self.clients, self.get_client_name(client))
for output in self.outputs:
output.send(msg)
self.outputs.append(client)
elif sock == sys.stdin: #如果是标准输入就发送广播消息
junk = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
if junk == "exit" or junk=="quit":
running = False
else:
msg = '\n#[Server]>>' + junk
for output in self.outputs:
if output != sock:
output.send(msg)
else: #由于客户端连接进来时服务端接收客户端连接请求，将客户端加入到了监听列表中(inputs)，客户端发送消息将触发，所以判断是否是客户端对象触发
try:
data = sock.recv(1024)
if data:
#向其它客户端发送广播消息
msg = '\n#[' + self.get_client_name(sock) + ']>>' + data
for output in self.outputs:
if output != sock:
output.send(msg)
else:
#客户端退出，断开连接
print "Chat server: %d hung up" % sock.fileno()
self.clients -= 1
sock.close()
inputs.remove(sock) #客户端断开连接了，将客户端的监听从inputs列表中移除
self.outputs.remove(sock)
#发送广播消息告知其它客户端
msg = "\n(Now hung up: Client from %s)" % self.get_client_name(sock)
for output in self.outputs:
output.send(msg)
except socket.error, e:
inputs.remove(sock)
self.outputs.remove(sock)
print "Socket error: %s" % str(e)
except Exception as e:
inputs.remove(sock)
self.outputs.remove(sock)
print "Other exception: %s" % str(e)
self.server.close()
class ChatClient(object):
def __init__(self, name, port, host="127.0.0.1"):
self.name = name #客户端名称
self.connected = False
self.host = host
self.port = port
# 初始化提示
self.prompt = "[" + "@".join((name, socket.gethostname().split(".")[0])) + ']> '
try:
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.sock.connect((host, self.port))
self.connected = True
self.sock.send("NAME: " + self.name) #向服务端发送本客户端名称
data = self.sock.recv(1024)
addr = data.split('CLIENT: ')[1] # 客户端IP地址
self.prompt = '[' + '@'.join((self.name, addr)) + ']> '
except socket.error,e:
print "Failed to connect to chat server @ port %d" % self.port
sys.exit(1)
except Exception as e:
print "Other exception: %s" % str(e)
sys.exit(1)
def run(self):
while self.connected:
try:
sys.stdout.write(self.prompt)
sys.stdout.flush()
#开始select监听,对标准输入stdin和客户端套接字进行监听
#注意：Windows 版本的 Python, select() 函数只能接受 socket, 不接受 File Object, 所以不能 select 标准输入输出.
readable, writeable,exceptional = select.select([0, self.sock], [], [])
for sock in readable:
if sock == 0:
data = sys.stdin.readline().strip() #获取控制台输入，并移除字符串头尾空格字符
if data:
self.sock.send(data)
elif sock == self.sock:
data = self.sock.recv(1024)
if not data:
print 'Client shutting down.'
self.connected = False
break
else:
sys.stdout.write(data + '\n')
sys.stdout.flush()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print " Client interrupted. """
self.sock.close()
break
except Exception as e:
print "Other exception: %s" % str(e)
self.sock.close()
break
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Socket Server Example with Select')
parser.add_argument('--name', action="store", dest="name", required=True)
parser.add_argument('--ip', action="store", dest="host", required=True)
parser.add_argument('--port', action="store", dest="port", type=int, required=True)
given_args = parser.parse_args()
port = given_args.port
name = given_args.name
host = given_args.host
if name.upper() == "SERVER":
server = ChatServer(port)
server.run()
else:
client = ChatClient(name=name, port=port, host=host)
client.run()
readable,writeable,exceptional = select.select(inputs, self.outputs, [])至于套接字怎么才算可读呢？搜索可知，当套接字缓冲区大于1byte时，就被标记为可读。也就是说，当套接字收到客户端发来的数据，就变成可读，然后select就会把这个套接字取出来，进入下一步程序。
注意：Windows版本的Python, select()函数只能接受socket, 不接受File Object, 所以不能select标准输入输出。
解决办法请参考：点击打开链接
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