不使用网关会存在的问题?
- 客户端多次请求不同的微服务,增加了客户端的复杂性。
- 存在跨域问题。
- 认证复杂,每个服务都需要独立认证。
- 难以重构,随着项目的迭代,可能需要重写划分微服务。
- 某些微服务可能使用了防火墙/浏览器不友好的协议,直接访问有一定困难。
什么是微服务网关?
微服务网关介于客户端与服务器端之间,所有的外部请求都会讲过微服务网关。
使用微服务网关的优点:
- 客户端只需和网关交互,而无需调用特定的微服务接口。
- 易于监控
- 易于认证
- 减少了客户端与各个微服务之间的交互次数
什么是Zuul?
Zuul是Netflix开源的微服务网关,可以和Eureka、Ribbon、Hystrix等组件配合使用。其核心似乎一系列过滤器,可完成如下功能。
- 身份认证与安全:识别每个资源的验证要求,拒绝不符合要求的请求。
- 审查与监控:在边缘位置追踪有意义的数据和统计结果,从而带来精确的生产视图。
- 动态路由:动态地将请求路由到不同地后端集群。
- 压力测试:逐渐增加指向集群的流量,以了解性能。
- 负载分配:为每一种负载类型分配对应地容量,并启用超出限定值的请求。
- 静态响应处理:在边缘位置直接建立部分响应,从而避免其转发到内部集群。
- 多区域弹性:跨越AWS Region进行请求路由,旨在实现ELB(Elastic Load Balancing)使用的多样化,已经让系统的边缘更贴近系统的使用者。
上述内容截取自书籍 《Spring Cloud与Docker微服务架构与实战》
Spring Cloud使用Zuul
(1)Eureka Server
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.5.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.dfyang</groupId>
<artifactId>eureka-server</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>eureka-server</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Greenwich.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.xml
server:
port: 8761
spring:
application:
name: eureka-server
eureka:
client:
#是否将自己注册到Eureka Server,由于当前应用为Eureka Service,故为false
register-with-eureka: false
#是否从Eureka Server获取注册信息,由于是单点,所以为false
fetch-registry: false
#与Eureka Server交互的地址
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
启动类
package com.dfyang;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class EurekaServerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);
}
}
启动项目,访问localhost:8761成功跳转页面即编写成功
(2)服务投递者
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.5.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.dfyang</groupId>
<artifactId>service-producer</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>service-producer</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Greenwich.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.xml
server:
port: 8080
spring:
application:
name: service-producer
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
启动类
package com.dfyang;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.metrics.eventstream.HystrixMetricsStreamServlet;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletRegistrationBean;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.turbine.EnableTurbine;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class ServiceProducerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ServiceProducerApplication.class, args);
}
}
提供的服务
package com.dfyang.serviceProducer.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class ProducerController {
@RequestMapping("/serviceA")
public String serviceA() {
return "服务A";
}
@RequestMapping("/serviceB")
public String serviceB() {
return "服务B";
}
}
启动项目,访问localhost:8761,出现如下即成功
(3)服务消费者
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.5.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.dfyang</groupId>
<artifactId>service-consumer</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>service-consumer</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Greenwich.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.yml
server:
port: 8082
spring:
application:
name: service-consumer
eureka:
client:
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
启动类
package com.dfyang;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class ServiceConsumerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ServiceConsumerApplication.class, args);
}
}
使用Fegin远程调用服务
package com.dfyang.serviceConsumer.controller;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
@Service
@FeignClient(name = "service-producer")
public interface ProducerService {
@GetMapping("/serviceA")
public String serviceA();
@GetMapping("/serviceB")
public String serviceB();
}
消费服务
package com.dfyang.serviceConsumer.controller;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class ConsumerController {
@Autowired
private ProducerService producerService;
@GetMapping("/consumeA")
public String consumeA() {
return producerService.serviceA();
}
@GetMapping("/consumeB")
public String consumeB() {
return producerService.serviceB();
}
}
启动项目,输入localhost:8761
访问 localhost:8082/consumeA 和 localhost:8082/consumeB
成功!
(4)Zuul网关
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.5.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.dfyang</groupId>
<artifactId>eureka-zuul</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>eureka-zuul</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-zuul</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Greenwich.RELEASE</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.yml
server:
port: 8084
spring:
application:
name: eureka-zuul
eureka:
client:
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/
#为应用程序显示详细的健康指标,并未actuator开启所有的endpoint
management:
endpoints:
web:
exposure:
include: "*"
endpoint:
health:
show-details: always
启动类
package com.dfyang;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.EnableZuulProxy;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableZuulProxy
public class EurekaZuulApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(EurekaZuulApplication.class, args);
}
}
启动项目,访问localhost:8761
输入localhost:8084/service-consumer/consumeA 和 localhost:8084/service-consumer/consumeB
将出现与访问 localhost:8082/consumeA 和 localhost:8082/consumeB相同的结果
也就是我们所有的请求都交给了Zuul,再由Zuul将请求转发到微服务。
访问 http://localhost:8084/actuator/routes
从上面可以看出
请求的格式为: http://zuul_host:zuul_port/微服务在Eureka的serviceId/**
如果我们需要将 [微服务在Eureka的serviceId] 替换为别的,只需要添加如下
zuul:
routes:
service-producer: /producer/**
service-consumer: /consumer/**
访问ocalhost:8084/consumer/consumeA 和 localhost:8084/consumer/consumeB(但之前的仍然可以访问)
可以添加忽略的服务
zuul:
routes:
service-producer: /producer/**
service-consumer: /consumer/**
ignored-services: service-producer,service-consumer
再次访问,成功!