python常用模块

一、time

  时间相关的操作,时间有三种表示方式:

  • 时间戳               1970年1月1日之后的秒,即:time.time()
  • 格式化的字符串    2014-11-11 11:11,    即:time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
  • 结构化时间          元组包含了:年、日、星期等... time.struct_time    即:time.localtime()
print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 , 改成了time.process_time()测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定,mac上测不出来
print(time.altzone) #返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算\
print(time.asctime()) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",
print(time.localtime()) #返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式
print(time.gmtime(time.time()-800000)) #返回utc时间的struc时间对象格式
print(time.asctime(time.localtime())) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",
print(time.ctime()) #返回Fri Aug 19 12:38:29 2016 格式, 同上

#日期字符串 转成  时间戳
string_2_struct = time.strptime("2016/05/22","%Y/%m/%d") #将 日期字符串 转成 struct时间对象格式
print(string_2_struct)
time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=22, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=143, tm_isdst=-1)

struct_2_stamp = time.mktime(string_2_struct) #将struct时间对象转成时间戳
print(struct_2_stamp)
1463846400.0

#将时间戳转为字符串格式
print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将utc时间戳转换成struct_time格式
time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=13, tm_hour=8, tm_min=48, tm_sec=46, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=318, tm_isdst=0)

print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将utc struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式
2016-11-14 08:52:46



#时间加减
import datetime
print(datetime.datetime.now())  #返回2016-11-14 17:03:28.373055
print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) )  # 时间戳直接转成日期格式
2016-11-14
print(datetime.datetime.now() ) #返回2016-11-14 17:05:35.290132
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3)) #当前时间+3天
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3)) #当前时间-3天
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #当前时间+3小时
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30)) #当前时间+30分

c_time  = datetime.datetime.now()
print(c_time.replace(minute=3, hour=2))  # 时间替换

Directive

Directive MeaningNotes
%aLocale’s abbreviated weekday name. 
%ALocale’s full weekday name. 
%bLocale’s abbreviated month name. 
%BLocale’s full month name. 
%cLocale’s appropriate date and time representation. 
%dDay of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. 
%HHour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. 
%IHour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. 
%jDay of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. 
%mMonth as a decimal number [01,12]. 
%MMinute as a decimal number [00,59]. 
%pLocale’s equivalent of either AM or PM.(1)
%SSecond as a decimal number [00,61].(2)
%UWeek number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.(3)
%wWeekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. 
%WWeek number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0.(3)
%xLocale’s appropriate date representation. 
%XLocale’s appropriate time representation. 
%yYear without century as a decimal number [00,99]. 
%YYear with century as a decimal number. 
%zTime zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. 
%ZTime zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). 
%%A literal '%' character.

 

二、random

#随机数
import random
print(random.random())
print(random.randint(1,3))              #随机打印1到3的数字,3会显示
print(random.randrange(1,5))          #随机打印1到5之间的数字5不会显示
import string
str_source = string.ascii_letters + string.digits   
print("".join(random.sample(str_source,7)))        #打印随机数包括大小写数字
#生成随机验证码
import random
checkcode = "" for i in range(8): current = random.randrange(0,8) if current !=i: temp = chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: temp = random.randint(0,9) checkcode +=str(temp) print(checkcode)

 

三、re  

  re模块用于python的正则表达式的操作

 

'.'     默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符,若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符,包括换行
'^'     匹配字符开头,若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)
'$'     匹配字符结尾,或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以
'*'     匹配*号前的字符0次或多次,re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac")  结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a']
'+'     匹配前一个字符1次或多次,re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb']
'?'     匹配前一个字符1次或0次
'{m}'   匹配前一个字符m次
'{n,m}' 匹配前一个字符n到m次,re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']
'|'     匹配|左或|右的字符,re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果'ABC'
'(...)' 分组匹配,re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c 
'\A'    只从字符开头匹配,re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的
'\Z'    匹配字符结尾,同$
'\d'    匹配数字0-9
'\D'    匹配非数字
'\w'    匹配[A-Za-z0-9]
'\W'    匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]
's'     匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 '\t'
 
'(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}

  最常用的匹配语法

re.match   从头开始匹配
re.search   匹配包含
re.findall   把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回
re.splitall  以匹配到的字符当作列表分隔符
re.sub       匹配字符并替换

 

import re

#1、#group和groups
a = "123abc456"
print(re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group())     #打印整行 123abc456
print(re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(0))    #打印整行 123abc456
print(re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(1))    #打印123
print(re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(2))    #打印abc
print(re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(3))    #打印456
print(re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).groups())    #以元组的形式打印 ('123', 'abc', '456')

#2、sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)   用于替换匹配的字符串
content = "123abc456"
new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'hello', content)
print(new_content)                               #替换,将所有数字替换成hello  helloabchello
##  相比于str.replace功能更加强大

#3、findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
#上述两中方式均用于匹配单值,即:只能匹配字符串中的一个,如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素,则需要使用 findall。
obj = re.findall("\d","abc123def456lmn")
print(obj)                                         #结果以列表的形式显示  ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']

#4、split((pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0))
#根据指定匹配进行分组
content = "1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )"
new_content = re.split("\*",content)
print(new_content)                  #以*为分隔符进行分割   ["'1 - 2 ", ' ((60-30+1', '(9-2', '5/3+7/3', '99/4', '2998+10', '568/14))-(-4', '3)/(16-3', "2) )'"]

new_content2 = re.split("[\+\-\*\/]+",content)
print(new_content2)                 #["'1 ", ' 2 ', ' ((60', '30', '1', '(9', '2', '5', '3', '7', '3', '99', '4', '2998', '10', '568', '14))', '(', '4', '3)', '(16', '3', "2) )'"]
inpp =  '1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))'
inpp = re.sub("\s","",inpp)
#print(inpp)
new_content3 = re.split("\(([+\-\*\/]?\d+[\+\-\*\/]?\d+)",inpp,1)
print(new_content3)                #['1-2*(', '60-30', '+(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2))']


#5、search(pattern, string, flags=0)
#根据模型去字符串匹配指定内容,匹配单个
obj = re.search("\d","ab123def2323adef")
if obj:
    print(obj.group())    #结果显示 1

#6、match(pattern, string, flags=0)
#从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串匹配指定内容,匹配单个
a = re.match("\d+","ab123def2323adef")
if obj:
    print(obj.group())      #结果显示 1

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/Lily-P/p/6062691.html

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