podman

Podman简介

Podman是一个开源项目,可在大多数Linux平台上使用并开源在GitHub上。Podman是一个无守护进程的容器引擎,用于在Linux系统上开发,管理和运行Open Container Initiative(OCI)容器和容器镜像。 Podman提供了一个与Docker兼容的命令行前端,它可以简单地作为Docker cli,简单地说你可以直接添加别名:alias docker = podman来使用podman。

Podman控制下的容器可以由root用户运行,也可以由非特权用户运行。Podman管理整个容器的生态系统,其包括pod,容器,容器镜像,和使用libpod library的容器卷。Podman专注于帮助您维护和修改OCI容器镜像的所有命令和功能,例如拉取和标记。它允许您在生产环境中创建,运行和维护从这些映像创建的容器
Podman 官网地址:https://podman.io/
Podman 项目地址:https://github.com/containers/libpod

Podman工作机制

Podman 原来是 CRI-O 项目的一部分,后来被分离成一个单独的项目叫 libpod。Podman 的使用体验和 Docker 类似,不同的是 Podman 没有 daemon。以前使用 Docker CLI 的时候,Docker CLI 会通过 gRPC API 去跟 Docker Engine 说「我要启动一个容器」,然后 Docker Engine 才会通过 OCI Container runtime(默认是 runc)来启动一个容器。这就意味着容器的进程不可能是 Docker CLI 的子进程,而是 Docker Engine 的子进程。

Podman 比较简单粗暴,它不使用 Daemon,而是直接通过 OCI runtime(默认也是 runc)来启动容器,所以容器的进程是 podman 的子进程。这比较像 Linux 的 fork/exec 模型,而 Docker 采用的是 C/S(客户端/服务器)模型。与 C/S 模型相比,fork/exec 模型有很多优势,比如:

  • 系统管理员可以知道某个容器进程到底是谁启动的。
  • 如果利用 cgroup 对 podman 做一些限制,那么所有创建的容器都会被限制。
  • SD_NOTIFY : 如果将 podman 命令放入 systemd 单元文件中,容器进程可以通过 podman 返回通知,表明服务已准备好接收任务。
  • socket 激活 : 可以将连接的 socket 从 systemd 传递到 podman,并传递到容器进程以便使用它们。
Podman 和docker不同之处?

1.docker 需要在我们的系统上运行一个守护进程(docker daemon),而podman 不需要
2.启动容器的方式不同:
3.- docker cli 命令通过API跟 Docker Engine(引擎)交互告诉它我想创建一个container,然后docker Engine才会调用OCI container runtime(runc)来启动一个container。这代表container的process(进程)不会是Docker CLI的child process(子进程),而是Docker Engine的child process。
- Podman是直接给OCI containner runtime(runc)进行交互来创建container的,所以container process直接是podman的child process。
- 因为docke有docker daemon,所以docker启动的容器支持–restart策略,但是podman不支持,如果在k8s中就不存在这个问题,我们可以设置pod的重启策略,在系统中我们可以采用编写systemd服务来完成自启动
- docker需要使用root用户来创建容器,但是podman不需要

部署Podman

因为Centos 8的源自带的,所以yum安装就可以了

[root@c ~]# dnf -y install podman
仓库的配置
[registries.search]
registries = ['registry.access.redhat.com', 'registry.redhat.io', 'docker.io']   #这个是查找从这三个地方查找,如果只留一个,则只在一个源里查找
unqualified-search-registries = ["registry.fedoraproject.org", "registry.access.redhat.com", "registry.centos.org", "docker.io"]  #这里也要改为一个

[registries.insecure]
registries = [10.0.0.1]  ##这里写那些http的仓库,比如harbor
配置加速器
[registries.search]
registries = ['https://wflrfh1i.mirror.aliyuncs.com','docker.io']
podman的应用
拉镜像
[root@c ~]# podman pull nginx
✔ docker.io/library/nginx:latest
Trying to pull docker.io/library/nginx:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob b10cf527a02d done  
Copying blob 1f41b2f2bf94 done  
Copying blob c90b090c213b done  
Copying blob 33847f680f63 done  
Copying blob dbb907d5159d done  
Copying blob 8a268f30c42a done  
Copying config 08b152afcf done  
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
08b152afcfae220e9709f00767054b824361c742ea03a9fe936271ba520a0a4b
查看镜像
[root@c ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY               TAG         IMAGE ID      CREATED      SIZE
docker.io/library/nginx  latest      08b152afcfae  3 weeks ago  137 MB
运行容器
[root@c ~]# podman run -d --name b1 -p 80 docker.io/library/nginx
bebe32e5be491cc611d780cb634f7979a78d77f58937e443beb374db2f4f75f0

[root@c ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                           COMMAND               CREATED         STATUS             PORTS                  NAMES
bebe32e5be49  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  11 seconds ago  Up 11 seconds ago  0.0.0.0:38221->80/tcp  b1
[root@c ~]# podman inspect -l    # -l 查看最新的容器信息
[
    {
        "Id": "bebe32e5be491cc611d780cb634f7979a78d77f58937e443beb374db2f4f75f0",
        "Created": "2021-08-12T22:54:23.020760701-04:00",
        "Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
        "Args": [
            "nginx",
            "-g",
            "daemon off;"
        ],
…………
[root@c ~]# curl 10.88.0.2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
……
查看容器日志
[root@c ~]# podman logs -l
/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Getting the checksum of /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
10-listen-on-ipv6-by-default.sh: info: Enabled listen on IPv6 in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/20-envsubst-on-templates.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Launching /docker-entrypoint.d/30-tune-worker-processes.sh
/docker-entrypoint.sh: Configuration complete; ready for start up
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: using the "epoll" event method
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: nginx/1.21.1
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: built by gcc 8.3.0 (Debian 8.3.0-6) 
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: OS: Linux 4.18.0-257.el8.x86_64
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE): 1048576:1048576
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker processes
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 31
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 32
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 33
2021/08/13 02:54:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 34
10.88.0.1 - - [13/Aug/2021:02:55:13 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "-"


加上-f  实时更新
[root@c ~]# podman logs -f b1
……
10.88.0.1 - - [13/Aug/2021:02:55:13 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "-"
10.88.0.1 - - [13/Aug/2021:02:55:50 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 612 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "-"
……
查看容器的进程
[root@c ~]# podman top b1
USER        PID         PPID        %CPU        ELAPSED          TTY         TIME        COMMAND
root        1           0           0.000       1m45.990440961s  ?           0s          nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off; 
nginx       31          1           0.000       1m45.990908927s  ?           0s          nginx: worker process 
nginx       32          1           0.000       1m45.990956888s  ?           0s          nginx: worker process 
nginx       33          1           0.000       1m45.990982698s  ?           0s          nginx: worker process 
nginx       34          1           0.000       1m45.991009452s  ?           0s          nginx: worker process 
上传镜像
[root@c ~]# podman login
Username: chenzihan123
Password: 
Login Succeeded!
[root@c ~]# podman tag docker.io/library/nginx:latest chenzihan123/test:nginx
[root@c ~]# podman push chenzihan123/test:nginx
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob e3135447ca3e skipped: already exists  
Copying blob 59b01b87c9e7 skipped: already exists  
Copying blob 7c0b223167b9 skipped: already exists  
Copying blob 814bff734324 skipped: already exists  
Copying blob 988d9a3509bb skipped: already exists  
Copying blob b85734705991 [--------------------------------------] 0.0b / 0.0b
Copying config 08b152afcf done  
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
普通用户使用的配置

在允许没有root特权的用户运行Podman之前,管理员必须安装或构建Podman并完成以下配置

cgroup V2Linux内核功能允许用户限制普通用户容器可以使用的资源,如果使用cgroup V2启用了运行Podman的Linux发行版,则可能需要更改默认的OCI运行时。某些较旧的版本runc不适用于cgroup V2,必须切换到备用OCI运行时crun。

[root@c ~]# yum  -y install crun

//修改containers.conf文件runtime = "runc"到runtime = "crun"
[root@c ~]# vim /usr/share/containers/containers.conf
....
# Default OCI runtime
#
runtime = "crun"
[root@c ~]# podman run -d --name b2 -p 80 docker.io/library/nginx
ca09de44aa6626e4c44a2b253da0b2735770dc14e8aeee8df81cc68000050331
[root@c ~]# podman inspect b2 |grep crun
        "OCIRuntime": "crun",
            "crun",
slirp4netns

slirp4nets包为普通用户提供一种网络模式

[root@c ~]# yum -y install slirp4netns
安装fuse-overlayfs

在普通用户环境中使用Podman时,建议使用fuse-overlayfs而不是VFS文件系统,至少需要版本0.7.6。现在新版本默认就是了。

[root@c ~]# yum -y install fuse-overlayfs
配置storage.conf文件
    [root@c ~]# vim /etc/containers/storage.conf
    # Default Storage Driver, Must be set for proper operation.
    driver = "overlay"
    ....
    mount_program = "/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs"

/etc/subuid和/etc/subgid配置
Podman要求运行它的用户在/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid文件中列出一系列UID,shadow-utils或newuid包提供这些文件

[root@c ~]# yum -y install shadow-utils

可以在/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid查看,每个用户的值必须唯一且没有任何重叠。

[root@c ~]# podman exec -it b2 /bin/bash
root@ca09de44aa66:/# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
[root@c ~]# cat /etc/subuid 
test:100000:65536
[root@c ~]# useradd abc
[root@c ~]# cat /etc/subuid 
test:100000:65536
abc:165536:65536

该文件的格式为USERNAME:UID:RANGE
在/ etc / passwd或getpwent中列出的用户名。
为用户分配的初始uid。
为用户分配的UID范围的大小

用户的配置文件

三个主要的配置文件是container.conf,storage.conf和registries.conf。用户可以根据需要修改这些文件。
container.conf
Podman读取时

 /usr/share/containers/containers.conf
 /etc/containers/containers.conf
$HOME/.config/containers/containers.conf

按照循序来了,当前面一位找不到时,就去找下一个。

storage.conf

对于storge.conf则是

/etc/containers/storage.conf
$HOME/.config/containers/storage.conf

在普通用户中/etc/containers/storage.conf的一些字段将被忽略

graphroot=""
 container storage graph dir (default: "/var/lib/containers/storage")
 Default directory to store all writable content created by container storage programs.

在普通用户中这些字段默认

graphroot=``"$HOME/.local/share/containers/storage"``runroot=``"$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers"
registries.conf

配置按此顺序读入,这些文件不是默认创建的,可以从/usr/share/containers或复制文件/etc/containers并进行修改。

/etc/containers/registries.conf
/etc/containers/registries.d/*
HOME/.config/containers/registries.conf

授权文件

podman login 登录,默认授权文件位于中${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json

[root@c ~]# cat /run/user/0/containers/auth.json 
{
        "auths": {
                "registry.access.redhat.com": {
                        "auth": "Y2hlbnppaGFuMTIzOmNoZW56aWhhbjIwMDIwMjIy"
                }
        }

使用卷

容器与root用户一起运行,则root容器中的用户实际上就是主机上的用户。UID / GID 1是在/etc/subuid和/etc/subgid等中用户映射中指定的第一个UID / GID 。如果普通用户的身份从主机目录挂载到容器中,并在该目录中以根用户身份创建文件,则会看到它实际上是你的用户在主机上拥有的。

[root@c ~]# su - abc
[abc@c ~]$ pwd
/home/abc
[abc@c ~]$ mkdir test
[abc@c ~]$ podman run -it --name b3 -v "$(pwd)"/test:/abcd busybox /bin/sh
Resolved "busybox" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)
Trying to pull docker.io/library/busybox:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob b71f96345d44 done  
Copying config 69593048aa done  
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
/ # touch abcd/test
/ # ls
abcd  bin   dev   etc   home  proc  root  run   sys   tmp   usr   var
/ # ls  -l abc/test
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root             0 Aug 12 10:37 abc/test
/abcd # exit
[abc@c ~]$ ll
总用量 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 abc abc 6 8月  12 23:44 test

–userns=keep-id标志,以确保用户被映射到容器内自己的UID和GID。

[abc@c ~]$  podman run -it --name t4 -v "$(pwd)"/test:/abc --userns=keep-id busybox /bin/sh
~ $ touch abc/abc
~ $ ls -l abc/
total 0
-rw-r--r--    1 tom     tom             0 Aug 12 10:37 test
-rw-r--r--    1 tom     tom             0 Aug 12 10:42 abc
~ $ exit
[tom@localhost ~]$ ll test/
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 2 tom tom 0 Aug 12 10:38 test
-rw-r--r-- 1 tom tom 0 Aug 12 10:42 abc

使用普通用户映射容器端口时会报“ permission denied”的错误

 [tom@localhost ~]$ podman  run  --name nginx  -d  -p 80:80 nginx
 Error: rootlessport cannot expose privileged port 80, you can add 'net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80' to /etc/sysctl.conf (currently 1024), or choose a larger port number (>= 1024): listen tcp 0.0.0.0:80: bind: permission denied

可以映射>= 1024的端口

[abc@c ~]$ podman  run  --name t0  -d  -p 1024:80 nginx
9deea7bf4531748abf9aaf9c1513c7aefe46e13a749fc4d1e765270b9c82fe48
[abc@c ~]$ podman ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                           COMMAND               CREATED         STATUS             PORTS                 NAMES
9deea7bf4531  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  24 seconds ago  Up 24 seconds ago  0.0.0.0:1024->80/tcp  t0

配置echo ‘net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80’ >> /etc/sysctl.conf

[root@c ~]#  echo  'net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80'  >> /etc/sysctl.conf
[root@c ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start = 80
[abc@c ~]# podman  run  --name nginx1  -d  -p 80:80 nginx
2c3d4a17d577f13754f9c60288f646927f65c564bbba8beb6965ab35eaef5d4f
[abct@c ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                           COMMAND               CREATED            STATUS                PORTS                  NAMES
bebe32e5be49  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  About an hour ago  Up About an hour ago  0.0.0.0:38221->80/tcp  b1
ca09de44aa66  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  35 minutes ago     Up 35 minutes ago     0.0.0.0:43805->80/tcp  b2
2c3d4a17d577  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  9 seconds ago      Up 8 seconds ago      0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp     nginx1

podman网络应用

容器间的通信

检查,如果监听了你的容器
podman ps
就可以看到信息
[root@c ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE                           COMMAND               CREATED         STATUS             PORTS                  NAMES
bebe32e5be49  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  10 days ago     Up 10 days ago     0.0.0.0:38221->80/tcp  b1
ca09de44aa66  docker.io/library/nginx:latest  nginx -g daemon o...  10 days ago     Up 10 days ago     0.0.0.0:43805->80/tcp  b2
podman port <container_id>
可以看某一个容器id所指的容器与端口号的关系
[root@c ~]# podman port ca09de44aa66
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:43805
启动一个新容器以联系您的主机 + 已发布的端口:
 podman run -it --rm fedora curl <Host_IP_Address>:<Published_Port>
 容器只会一次性的执行
 这里的 Host_IP_Address 是你的主机的IP 地址
允许从容器内连接到 slirp4netns 虚拟路由器(10.0.2.2)。
注意:为了安全,这默认设置为 false。默认 普通用户用的主机ip 加端口 
yum -y install slirp4netns #可能默认就有
[root@c ~]# podman run -it --rm  --net slirp4netns:allow_host_loopback=true bash
✔ docker.io/library/bash:latest
Trying to pull docker.io/library/bash:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob f0512d9ab85b done  
Copying blob 339de151aab4 done  
Copying blob ec83969a912d done  
Copying config d057f4d6e5 done  
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
bash-5.1# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: tap0: <BROADCAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65520 qdisc fq_codel state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
    link/ether fa:3b:df:1d:7a:5a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.100/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global tap0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::f83b:dfff:fe1d:7a5a/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
#在开一个终端 启动  ip也是一样的
网络  是相通的,但磁盘空间是不同的
[root@c ~]# podman run -it --rm  --net slirp4netns:allow_host_loopback=true bash
bash-5.1# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: tap0: <BROADCAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65520 qdisc fq_codel state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
    link/ether fe:46:b4:2e:36:cc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.100/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global tap0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::fc46:b4ff:fe2e:36cc/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

查看网络模式

[root@c ~]# podman network ls
NETWORK ID    NAME        VERSION     PLUGINS
2f259bab93aa  podman      0.4.0       bridge,portmap,firewall,tuning
[root@c ~]# 

使用指定网段

[root@c ~]# podman network create mynetwork
/etc/cni/net.d/mynetwork.conflist
[root@c ~]# podman network ls
NETWORK ID    NAME        VERSION     PLUGINS
2f259bab93aa  podman      0.4.0       bridge,portmap,firewall,tuning
6d1b23123e26  mynetwork   0.4.0       bridge,portmap,firewall,tuning
#修改新生成的网络配置文件的子网和网关或者创建时使用--subnet 指定网段和子网掩码,--gateway指定网关
[root@c ~]# vim /etc/cni/net.d/mynetwork.conflist

{
   "cniVersion": "0.4.0",
   "name": "mynetwork",
   "plugins": [
      {
         "type": "bridge",
         "bridge": "cni-podman1",
         "isGateway": true,
         "ipMasq": true,
         "hairpinMode": true,
         "ipam": {
            "type": "host-local",
            "routes": [
               {
                  "dst": "0.0.0.0/0"
               }
            ],
            "ranges": [
               [
                  {
                     "subnet": "10.1.1.0/24",
                     "gateway": "10.1.1.1"

#修改/usr/share/containers/containers.conf文件设置默认网络为新创建的网络
[network]

# Path to directory where CNI plugin binaries are located.
#
# cni_plugin_dirs = ["/usr/libexec/cni"]

# Path to the directory where CNI configuration files are located.
#
# network_config_dir = "/etc/cni/net.d/"
default_network = "mynetwork"

#创建容器
[root@c ~]# podman run -it --rm bash
bash-5.1# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth0@if8: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP 
    link/ether 4e:b0:de:31:b7:92 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.1.1.2/24 brd 10.1.1.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::4cb0:deff:fe31:b792/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

容器的导入和导出

[root@c ~]# vim /usr/share/containers/containers.conf
...
runtime = "runc"
...
[root@c ~]# podman run -dt --name httpd -p 8080:80/tcp httpd
[root@c ~]# podman inspect httpd | grep -i runtime
        "OCIRuntime": "runc",
            "--runtime",
            "Runtime": "oci",
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
[root@c ~]#  podman container checkpoint httpd -e /tmp/httpd.tar.gz
c9220c06f1cf8bab9effba90d9ef45c6fba66a9ccfd03d71ee0535ff1a7cf8b0
[root@c ~]# ls /tmp/
containers-user-1000
containers-user-1001
httpd.tar.gz
podman-run-1000
podman-run-1001
run-1000
run-1001
systemd-private-a6379aec08544743b7e0a458ea3a95b1-chronyd.service-FC7r2t

删除容器再导入

[root@c ~]# podman ps
c9220c06f1cf  docker.io/library/httpd:latest  httpd-foreground      3 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago  0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   httpd
[root@c ~]# podman rm c9220c06f1cf
c9220c06f1cf8bab9effba90d9ef45c6fba66a9ccfd03d71ee0535ff1a7cf8b0
[root@c ~]#  podman container restore -i /tmp/httpd.tar.gz
c9220c06f1cf8bab9effba90d9ef45c6fba66a9ccfd03d71ee0535ff1a7cf8b0
[root@c ~]# podman ps
[root@c ~]# podman ps
c9220c06f1cf  docker.io/library/httpd:latest  httpd-foreground      10 seconds ago  Up 10 seconds ago  0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp   httpd
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