一个系统里面经常需要做一些定时任务,比如说定时清空今日得分,或者定时清理临时文件。简单的定时任务很容易实现,用线程或者用Timer就可以了,但是始终需要自己写大量代码才能实现复杂的需求。
于是便有Quartz。不过,Quartz太久没有更新了,而且它太复杂。由于我的系统是基于Spring构建的,所以我希望能使用Spring支持的scheduling类库,可惜Spring只支持commonj和Quartz,正确来说,在Java界,并没有别的scheduling类库了,而commonj只是一个interface,没有具体的实现,似乎在Weblogic之类的里面有实现。
当然,也有另外一个选择,也是轻量级的脚本语言常用的做法,就是使用Linux的crontable,可以实现比较复杂的定时。不过,脚本语言调用数据库并不是很方便(应该说我们的团队技术累积上的问题),如果用crontable启动Java,每次启动的成本又比较高。
在评估过各种方案之后,我还是选择了使用Quartz,首先从Spring的辅助类开始入手吧。
题外话,在一个集群的环境里面(也就是多个Tomcat的环境下),定时任务应该是独立的应用,也就是不应该在每一个Tomcat里面都启动Quartz或者定时线程。另外,在Tomcat的应用里面,也是尽量不要使用线程,有可能一点点小错误就会导致整个Tomcat崩溃(其实我们还是使用很多的,呵呵)。
根据Quartz的使用行为,一个任务我们至少需要一个Job、一个JobDetail、一个Trigger(真复杂)
- JobDetail jobDetail <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">new</span> JobDetail<span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"myJob"</span>, <span style="COLOR: #666666; FONT-STYLE: italic">
- sched.<span style="COLOR: #006633">DEFAULT_GROUP</span>, <span style="COLOR: #666666; FONT-STYLE: italic">
- DumbJob.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">class</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span><span style="COLOR: #666666; FONT-STYLE: italic">
- Trigger trigger <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> TriggerUtils.<span style="COLOR: #006633">makeDailyTrigger</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #cc66cc">8</span>, <span style="COLOR: #cc66cc">30</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- trigger.<span style="COLOR: #006633">setStartTime</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">new</span> <span style="COLOR: #003399">Date</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- trigger.<span style="COLOR: #006633">setName</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"myTrigger"</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- sched.<span style="COLOR: #006633">scheduleJob</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>jobDetail, trigger<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
首先!!我在这里要明确一个事情。Job类是没有状态的!!
这是什么概念呢,就是说,你实现的一个Job(例如上面的代码的DumbJob),并不是由你自己new出来的,留意一下new JobDetail的代码,传入的参数是DumbJob.class,而不是一个具体的job实例。Quartz帮你吧Job new一份出来,并且调用相应的接口,并没有别的功能。
这里会带来一个什么问题呢,我们先来看看Spring的辅助类。
Spring有两个辅助类可以产生JobDetail类,需要留意的是,Spring并不辅助产生Job类,也就是Spring认为Job类不需要管理。
我们先看看第一个,JobDetailBean
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><bean</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">name</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"exampleJob"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">class</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"org.springframework.scheduling.quartz.JobDetailBean"</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><property</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">name</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"jobClass"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">value</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"example.ExampleJob"</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">/></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><property</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">name</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"jobDataAsMap"</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><map<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><entry</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">key</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"timeout"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">value</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"5"</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">/></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"></map<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"></property<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"></bean<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span></span>
不知道大家有没有看出问题在哪里。property jobClass是一个类名,并不是一个实例名!也就是跟Quartz的调用一样,是Quartz负责帮你new一个example.ExampleJob类出来,也就是说你不能对Job类进行任何形式的注入(IOC),比如说,我们的example.ExampleJob是一个DAO,需要传入DataSource进行DB操作,没辙。
因此,Spring提供了另外一个JobDetail辅助类MethodInvokingJobDetailFactoryBean
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><bean</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">id</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"jobDetail"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">class</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"org.springframework.scheduling.quartz.MethodInvokingJobDetailFactoryBean"</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><property</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">name</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"targetObject"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">ref</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"exampleBusinessObject"</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">/></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"><property</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">name</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"targetMethod"</span> <span style="COLOR: #000066">value</span>=<span style="COLOR: #ff0000">"doIt"</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">/></span></span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black"></bean<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: black">></span></span></span>
你可以留意到,property targetObject是一个ref,指向的是一个常规的Spring管理的Bean。
但是!
MethodInvokingJobDetailFactoryBean很不友好。首先,它是通过反射调用的,而不是Interface,因此我们必须要看了Spring的xml才能知道谁被调用了,你还可能会写一大堆property targetMethod=doIt,而且Job Interface是会传入一个JobExecutionContext,这个被miss了。
其次,如果我们需要大量的Job的话(因为我就是做一个专门用来定时的应用),Spring的配置文件会变得非常臃肿,我希望Job和JobDetail不需要Spring专门管理,只要他是一个Spring管理的Bean,并且实现了Job这个接口就ok了。
这里补充一个事情,我们跳过了Trigger的部分,每一个JobDetail必须配备一个相应的Trigger,因此配置文件是你之前想象中的两倍那么大,而且你还得给每一个Bean命名一个ID,而这个类你以后都不会用到。
我的目标是:
1、只要是实现了Job接口的Spring管理的Bean,自动加入scheduling,根本不用关心JobDetail的存在,也不会有注入的问题
2、所有Job均使用CronTrigger,并且通过配置文件设定Cron Expressions
通过研究MethodInvokingJobDetailFactoryBean和Quartz的代码,我明白到JobDetail是有状态的,而MethodInvokingJobDetailFactoryBean正是利用这点来实现具体效果的,于是便有了我一下这些辅助代码
首先
,需要一个DummyJob,由于Quartz的主入口始终是Job类
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">public</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">class</span> DummyJob <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">implements</span> Job <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">public</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000066">void</span> execute<span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>JobExecutionContext context<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span>
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">throws</span> JobExecutionException <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- Job job <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>Job<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span> context.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getMergedJobDataMap</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span>.<span style="COLOR: #006633">get</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"methodInvoker"</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">if</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>job <span style="COLOR: #339933">!=</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000066">null</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- job.<span style="COLOR: #006633">execute</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>context<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span>
- span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span>
jobDataMap就是JobDetail存储状态的地方,DummyJob唯一要做的就是,知道实际的Job类,并且调用它
接下来是戏玉了
- Map<span style="COLOR: #339933"><</span>String, Job<span style="COLOR: #339933">></span> jobMap <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> context.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getBeansOfType</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>Job.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">class</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">for</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #003399">Map</span>.<span style="COLOR: #006633">Entry</span><span style="COLOR: #339933"><</span>String, Job<span style="COLOR: #339933">></span> entry <span style="COLOR: #339933">:</span> jobMap.<span style="COLOR: #006633">entrySet</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #003399">String</span> taskName <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> entry.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getKey</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #003399">String</span> cronExpression <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> props.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getProperty</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>taskName<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">if</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>cronExpression <span style="COLOR: #339933">==</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000066">null</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- logger.<span style="COLOR: #006633">warn</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"[{}] don't have a cronExpression"</span>, taskName<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">continue</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span>
-
- <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">try</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- Trigger trigger <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">new</span> CronTrigger<span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>taskName <span style="COLOR: #339933">+</span> <span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"Trigger"</span>, <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000066">null</span>,
- cronExpression<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- JobDetail jobDetail <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">new</span> JobDetail<span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>taskName <span style="COLOR: #339933">+</span> <span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"Job"</span>, <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000066">null</span>,
- DummyJob.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">class</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- jobDetail.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getJobDataMap</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span>
- .<span style="COLOR: #006633">put</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"methodInvoker"</span>, entry.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getValue</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- scheduler.<span style="COLOR: #006633">scheduleJob</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>jobDetail, trigger<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">catch</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #003399">ParseException</span> e<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- logger.<span style="COLOR: #006633">error</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">""</span>, e<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">catch</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>SchedulerException e<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span> <span style="COLOR: #009900">{</span>
- logger.<span style="COLOR: #006633">error</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">""</span>, e<span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span>
- <span style="COLOR: #009900">}</span>
从Spring context里面读取所有实现了Job的类遍历,props是从文件里面读取相应的cronExpression配置。
- JobDetail jobDetail <span style="COLOR: #339933">=</span> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">new</span> JobDetail<span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span>taskName <span style="COLOR: #339933">+</span> <span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"Job"</span>, <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000066">null</span>,
- DummyJob.<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #000000">class</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
- jobDetail.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getJobDataMap</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span>
- .<span style="COLOR: #006633">put</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #0000ff">"methodInvoker"</span>, entry.<span style="COLOR: #006633">getValue</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">(</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #009900">)</span><span style="COLOR: #339933">;</span>
这两句是关键
于是,Quartz变得更sexy了
假如execute方法中需要一些额外的数据怎么办?比如说execute
中希望发送一封邮件,但是我需要知道邮件的发送者、接收者等信息?
存在两种解决方案:
1.JobDataMap类:
每个JobDetail都关联了一个JobDataMap实例,JobDataMap是java.util.Map的子类,基本上是提供key-value形式的数据,并提供了一些便利方法(主要是对java基本数据类型的支持,如put(String key,int value)),当开发人员创建JobDetail的时候,可以把附加信息放到JobDataMap中,那么在execute方法中可以根据key找到需要的值。
JobDetail job = new JobDetail....
job.getJobDataMap().put("from","snowway@vip.sina.com");
...
在execute中
String from = jobExecutionContext.getJobDetail().getJobDataMap().getString("from");
....
不过,当你使用数据库存储JobDetail的时候(默认情况下使用RAM),这里有一个致命的弱点,你不能把没有实现java.io.Serializable的对象放入JobDataMap中,因为Quartz将使用Blob字段保存(也可以通过配置文件关闭)序列化过的JobDataMap中的对象。比如你在execute方法中需要一个java.sql.Connection接口实例,这种情况也是普遍的,那么通常情况下你不能把Connection放入JobDataMap,即使你只想在execute中使用。(注:读者可暂时认为上面这段话是正确的,然而可以通过指示quartz改变这种行为,那属于高级话题)
2.假如你需要一个java.sql.Connection,用于在execute中完成某些操作,那么你可以把Connection放入Quartz的SchedulerContext中,execute也可以访问,并且Quartz不会持久化SchedulerContext中的任何东西。
scheduler.getContext().put("java.sql.Connection",connection);
execute中
Connection con = (Connection)jobExecutionContext.getScheduler().getContext().get("java.sql.Connection");
转载地址:http://blog.csdn.net/garnettcwm/article/details/3128371