pthread 编程

pthread api

对 pthread api 进行归类, 可以分为四类:

• 线程管理

  直接工作于线程, 如创建, 分离, 加入 (join) 等, 也包括设置或查询线程属性
  (joinable, scheduling 等).

• 互斥量

  处理同步的 mutex (mutual exclusion 的缩写), 如创建互斥量, 销毁互斥量,
  锁定及解锁互斥量等, 也包括互斥量属性的设置与修改.

• 条件变量

  处理线程之间的通信, 这些共享同一个 mutex, 如创建, 销毁, 等待, 通知
  (singal), 也包括设置或查询条件变量的属性.

• 同步

  管理读写锁和栅栏 (barrier).

pthread 库中所有的标识都以 pthread_ 开头, 如下表所示:

前缀	分组
pthread_	与线程本身相关的指令组
pthread_attr_	线程属性对象
pthread_mutex_	互斥量s
pthread_mutexattr_	互斥量属性对象
pthread_cond_	条件变量
pthread_condattr_	条件变量属性对象
pthread_key_	特定于线程的数据 keys (局部存储)
pthread_rwlock_	读写锁
pthread_barrier_	同步栅栏

创建线程终止线程

主要有下列的 api:

// 若 arg 为 NULL, 表示不向 start_routine() 传递参数
int pthread_create(pthread_t *restrict thread,
                   const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                   void *(*start_routine)(void*),
                   void *restrict arg);

// value_ptr 为线程退出码, 由 pthread_join() 函数的第二个参数接收.
// 在 main() 中创建了线程, 然后显式调用本函数, main() 会等其它线程
//+都结束后才会结束.
void pthread_exit(void *value_ptr);

int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);

int pthread_attr_destroy(pthread_attr_t *attr);

int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t *attr);

例 1: Pthread Creation and Termination

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define NUM_THREADS     5

void *PrintHello(void *threadid)
{
   long tid;
   tid = (long)threadid;
   printf("Hello World! It's me, thread #%ld!\n", tid);
   pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
   pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
   int rc;
   long t;
   for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++){
      printf("In main: creating thread %ld\n", t);
      rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello, (void *)t);
      if (rc){
         printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc);
         exit(-1);
      }
   }

   pthread_exit(NULL);
}

例2: Thread Argument Passing

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NUM_THREADS	8

char *messages[NUM_THREADS];

void *PrintHello(void *threadid)
{
   int *id_ptr, taskid;

   sleep(1);
   id_ptr = (int *) threadid;
   taskid = *id_ptr;
   printf("Thread %d: %s\n", taskid, messages[taskid]);
   pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
	int *taskids[NUM_THREADS];
	int rc, t;

	messages[0] = "English: Hello World!";
	messages[1] = "French: Bonjour, le monde!";
	messages[2] = "Spanish: Hola al mundo";
	messages[3] = "Klingon: Nuq neH!";
	messages[4] = "German: Guten Tag, Welt!";
	messages[5] = "Russian: Zdravstvytye, mir!";
	messages[6] = "Japan: Sekai e konnichiwa!";
	messages[7] = "Latin: Orbis, te saluto!";

	for(t=0;t<NUM_THREADS;t++) {
		taskids[t] = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int));
		*taskids[t] = t;
		printf("Creating thread %d\n", t);
		rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello, (void *) taskids[t]);
		if (rc) {
			printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc);
			exit(-1);
		}
	}

	pthread_exit(NULL);
}

例3: Thread Argument Passing

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define NUM_THREADS	8

char *messages[NUM_THREADS];

struct thread_data
{
   int	thread_id;
   int  sum;
   char *message;
};

struct thread_data thread_data_array[NUM_THREADS];

void *PrintHello(void *threadarg)
{
   int taskid, sum;
   char *hello_msg;
   struct thread_data *my_data;

   sleep(1);
   my_data = (struct thread_data *) threadarg;
   taskid = my_data->thread_id;
   sum = my_data->sum;
   hello_msg = my_data->message;
   printf("Thread %d: %s  Sum=%d\n", taskid, hello_msg, sum);
   pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];
    int *taskids[NUM_THREADS];
    int rc, t, sum;

    sum=0;
    messages[0] = "English: Hello World!";
    messages[1] = "French: Bonjour, le monde!";
    messages[2] = "Spanish: Hola al mundo";
    messages[3] = "Klingon: Nuq neH!";
    messages[4] = "German: Guten Tag, Welt!";
    messages[5] = "Russian: Zdravstvytye, mir!";
    messages[6] = "Japan: Sekai e konnichiwa!";
    messages[7] = "Latin: Orbis, te saluto!";

    for(t=0;t<NUM_THREADS;t++) {
    sum = sum + t;
    thread_data_array[t].thread_id = t;
    thread_data_array[t].sum = sum;
    thread_data_array[t].message = messages[t];
    printf("Creating thread %d\n", t);
    rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello,
                        (void *) &thread_data_array[t]);
    if (rc) {
        printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc);
        exit(-1);
      }
    }
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

线程管理

主要有下面 api:

// value_ptr 由 pthread_exit() 指定.
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **value_ptr);

int pthread_detach(pthread_t thread);

int pthread_attr_getdetachstate(const pthread_attr_t *attr, int *detachstate);

int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t *attr, int detachstate);

例 4: Pthread Joining

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#define NUM_THREADS	4

void *BusyWork(void *t)
{
   int i;
   long tid;
   double result=0.0;
   tid = (long)t;
   printf("Thread %ld starting...\n",tid);
   for (i=0; i<1000000; i++)
   {
      result = result + sin(i) * tan(i);
   }
   printf("Thread %ld done. Result = %e\n",tid, result);
   pthread_exit((void*) t);
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
   pthread_t thread[NUM_THREADS];
   pthread_attr_t attr;
   int rc;
   long t;
   void *status;

   pthread_attr_init(&attr);
   pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);

   for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++) {
      printf("Main: creating thread %ld\n", t);
      rc = pthread_create(&thread[t], &attr, BusyWork, (void *)t);
      if (rc) {
         printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create()
                is %d\n", rc);
         exit(-1);
         }
      }

     pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
     for(t=0; t<NUM_THREADS; t++) {
        rc = pthread_join(thread[t], &status);
        if (rc) {
           printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_join()
                  is %d\n", rc);
           exit(-1);
           }
        printf("Main: completed join with thread %ld having a status
              of %ld\n",t,(long)status);
        }

    printf("Main: program completed. Exiting.\n");
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

栈管理

不同的操作系统可以为线栈提供的栈大小不一样, 可以人为指定线程使用的栈大小
(要考虑操作系统的限制). 主要有下面的 api:

int pthread_attr_getstacksize(const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                              size_t *restrict stacksize);

int pthread_attr_setstacksize(pthread_attr_t *attr, size_t stacksize);

int pthread_attr_getstackaddr(const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                              void **restrict stackaddr);

int pthread_attr_setstackaddr(pthread_attr_t *attr, void *stackaddr);

例 5: Stack Management

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define NTHREADS 4
#define N 1000
#define MEGEXTRA 1000000

pthread_attr_t attr;

void *dowork(void *threadid)
{
   double A[N][N];
   int i,j;
   long tid;
   size_t mystacksize;

   tid = (long)threadid;
   pthread_attr_getstacksize (&attr, &mystacksize);
   printf("Thread %ld: stack size = %li bytes \n", tid, mystacksize);
   for (i=0; i<N; i++)
       for (j=0; j<N; j++)
           A[i][j] = ((i*j)/3.452) + (N-i);
   pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   pthread_t threads[NTHREADS];
   size_t stacksize;
   int rc;
   long t;

   pthread_attr_init(&attr);
   pthread_attr_getstacksize (&attr, &stacksize);
   printf("Default stack size = %li\n", stacksize);
   stacksize = sizeof(double)*N*N+MEGEXTRA;
   printf("Amount of stack needed per thread = %li\n",stacksize);
   pthread_attr_setstacksize (&attr, stacksize);
   printf("Creating threads with stack size = %li bytes\n",stacksize);
   for(t=0; t<NTHREADS; t++){
      rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], &attr, dowork, (void *)t);
      if (rc){
         printf("ERROR; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc);
         exit(-1);
      }
   }
   printf("Created %ld threads.\n", t);
   pthread_exit(NULL);
}

其它

pthread_t pthread_self(void);

int pthread_equal(pthread_t t1, pthread_t t2);

// 这是静态声明
pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;

int pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control,
                 void (*init_routine)(void));

互斥量

创建与销毁互斥量

主要有下面 api:

// 这是静态声明
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                       const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr);

int pthread_mutexattr_destroy(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);

int pthread_mutexattr_init(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);

锁定与解锁互斥量

主要有下面 api:

int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

例 6: Using Mutexes

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct
{
   double      *a;
   double      *b;
   double     sum;
   int     veclen;
} DOTDATA;

#define NUMTHRDS 4
#define VECLEN 100

DOTDATA dotstr;
pthread_t callThd[NUMTHRDS];
pthread_mutex_t mutexsum;

void *dotprod(void *arg)
{
   int i, start, end, len ;
   long offset;
   double mysum, *x, *y;
   offset = (long)arg;

   len = dotstr.veclen;
   start = offset*len;
   end   = start + len;
   x = dotstr.a;
   y = dotstr.b;

   mysum = 0;
   for (i=start; i<end ; i++) {
      mysum += (x[i] * y[i]);
   }
   
   pthread_mutex_lock (&mutexsum);
   dotstr.sum += mysum;
   pthread_mutex_unlock (&mutexsum);

   pthread_exit((void*) 0);
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
    long i;
    double *a, *b;
    void *status;
    pthread_attr_t attr;

    a = (double*) malloc (NUMTHRDS*VECLEN*sizeof(double));
    b = (double*) malloc (NUMTHRDS*VECLEN*sizeof(double));

    for (i=0; i<VECLEN*NUMTHRDS; i++) {
        a[i]=1.0;
        b[i]=a[i];
     }

    dotstr.veclen = VECLEN;
    dotstr.a = a;
    dotstr.b = b;
    dotstr.sum=0;

    pthread_mutex_init(&mutexsum, NULL);

    pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);

 	for(i=0; i<NUMTHRDS; i++) {
		pthread_create(&callThd[i], &attr, dotprod, (void *)i);
 	}

  	pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);

 	for(i=0; i<NUMTHRDS; i++) {
		pthread_join(callThd[i], &status);
 	}

    printf ("Sum =  %f \n", dotstr.sum);
    free (a);
    free (b);
    pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutexsum);
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

条件变量

创建与销毁条件变量

主要有下面 api:

// 这是静态声明
pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;

int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);

int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
                      const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr);

int pthread_condattr_destroy(pthread_condattr_t *attr);

int pthread_condattr_init(pthread_condattr_t *attr);

等待与通知

主要有下面 api:

int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
                           pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                           const struct timespec *restrict abstime);

int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
                      pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex);

int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond);
                           int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);

int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond);

int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);

例 7: Using Condition Variables

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define NUM_THREADS  3
#define TCOUNT 10
#define COUNT_LIMIT 12

int count = 0;
int thread_ids[3] = {0,1,2};
pthread_mutex_t count_mutex;
pthread_cond_t count_threshold_cv;

void *inc_count(void *t)
{
    int i;
    long my_id = (long)t;

    for (i=0; i<TCOUNT; i++) {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
        count++;

        if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) {
            pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv);
            printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d  Threshold reached.\n",
                   my_id, count);
        }
        printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex\n",
  	           my_id, count);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);

        sleep(1);
      }
      pthread_exit(NULL);
 }

void *watch_count(void *t)
{
    long my_id = (long)t;

    printf("Starting watch_count(): thread %ld\n", my_id);

      pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
    while (count<COUNT_LIMIT) {
        pthread_cond_wait(&count_threshold_cv, &count_mutex);
        printf("watch_count(): thread %ld Condition signal received.\n", my_id);
        count += 125;
        printf("watch_count(): thread %ld count now = %d.\n", my_id, count);
    }
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int i, rc;
    long t1=1, t2=2, t3=3;
    pthread_t threads[3];
    pthread_attr_t attr;

    pthread_mutex_init(&count_mutex, NULL);
    pthread_cond_init (&count_threshold_cv, NULL);

    pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
    pthread_create(&threads[0], &attr, watch_count, (void *)t1);
    pthread_create(&threads[1], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t2);
    pthread_create(&threads[2], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t3);

    for (i=0; i<NUM_THREADS; i++) {
        pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
    }
    printf ("Main(): Waited on %d  threads. Done.\n", NUM_THREADS);

    /* Clean up and exit */
    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    pthread_mutex_destroy(&count_mutex);
    pthread_cond_destroy(&count_threshold_cv);
    pthread_exit(NULL);

}

所有库函数

int pthread_atfork                    (void (*prepare)(void),
                                       void (*parent)(void),
                                       void (*child)(void));

int pthread_attr_destroy              (pthread_attr_t *attr);

int pthread_attr_getdetachstate       (const pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       int *detachstate);

int pthread_attr_getguardsize         (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       size_t *restrict guardsize);

int pthread_attr_getinheritsched      (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict inheritsched);

int pthread_attr_getschedparam        (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       struct sched_param *restrict param);

int pthread_attr_getschedpolicy       (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict policy);

int pthread_attr_getscope             (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict contentionscope);

int pthread_attr_getstack             (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       void **restrict stackaddr,
                                       size_t *restrict stacksize);

int pthread_attr_getstackaddr         (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       void **restrict stackaddr);

int pthread_attr_getstacksize         (const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       size_t *restrict stacksize);

int pthread_attr_init                 (pthread_attr_t *attr);

int pthread_attr_setdetachstate       (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       int detachstate);

int pthread_attr_setguardsize         (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       size_t guardsize);

int pthread_attr_setinheritsched      (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       int inheritsched);

int pthread_attr_setschedparam        (pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       const struct sched_param *restrict param);

int pthread_attr_setschedpolicy       (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       int policy);

int pthread_attr_setscope             (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       int contentionscope);

int pthread_attr_setstack             (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       void *stackaddr,
                                       size_t stacksize);

int pthread_attr_setstackaddr         (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       void *stackaddr);

int pthread_attr_setstacksize         (pthread_attr_t *attr,
                                       size_t stacksize);

int pthread_barrier_destroy           (pthread_barrier_t *barrier);

int pthread_barrier_init              (pthread_barrier_t *restrict barrier,
                                       const pthread_barrierattr_t *restrict attr,
                                       unsigned count);

int pthread_barrier_wait              (pthread_barrier_t *barrier);

int pthread_barrierattr_destroy       (pthread_barrierattr_t *attr);

int pthread_barrierattr_getpshared    (const pthread_barrierattr_t * restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict pshared);

int pthread_barrierattr_init          (pthread_barrierattr_t *attr);

int pthread_barrierattr_setpshared    (pthread_barrierattr_t *attr,
                                       int pshared);

int pthread_cancel                    (pthread_t thread);

int pthread_cond_broadcast            (pthread_cond_t *cond);

int pthread_cond_destroy              (pthread_cond_t *cond);

int pthread_cond_init                 (pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
                                       const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr);

int pthread_cond_signal               (pthread_cond_t *cond);

int pthread_cond_timedwait            (pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
                                       pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                                       const struct timespec *restrict abstime);

int pthread_cond_wait                 (pthread_cond_t *restrict cond,
                                       pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex);

int pthread_condattr_destroy          (pthread_condattr_t *attr);

int pthread_condattr_getclock         (const pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr,
                                       clockid_t *restrict clock_id);

int pthread_condattr_getpshared       (const   pthread_condattr_t   *restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict pshared);

int pthread_condattr_init             (pthread_condattr_t *attr);

int pthread_condattr_setclock         (pthread_condattr_t *attr,
                                       clockid_t clock_id);

int pthread_condattr_setpshared       (pthread_condattr_t *attr,
                                       int pshared);

int pthread_create                    (pthread_t *restrict thread,
                                       const pthread_attr_t *restrict attr,
                                       void *(*start_routine)(void*),
                                       void *restrict arg);

int pthread_detach                    (pthread_t thread);

int pthread_equal                     (pthread_t t1,
                                       pthread_t t2);

int pthread_getconcurrency            (void);

int pthread_getcpuclockid             (pthread_t thread_id,
                                       clockid_t *clock_id);

int pthread_getschedparam             (pthread_t thread,
                                       int *restrict policy,
                                       struct sched_param *restrict param);

int pthread_join                      (pthread_t thread,
                                       void **value_ptr);

int pthread_key_create                (pthread_key_t *key,
                                       void (*destructor)(void*));

int pthread_key_delete                (pthread_key_t key);

int pthread_kill                      (pthread_t thread,
                                       int sig);

int pthread_mutex_destroy             (pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutex_getprioceiling      (const pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                                       int *restrict prioceiling);

int pthread_mutex_init                (pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                                       const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr);

int pthread_mutex_lock                (pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutex_setprioceiling      (pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                                       int prioceiling,
                                       int *restrict old_ceiling);

int pthread_mutex_timedlock           (pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex,
                                       const struct timespec *restrict abs_timeout);

int pthread_mutex_trylock             (pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutex_unlock              (pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

int pthread_mutexattr_destroy         (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);

int pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling  (const pthread_mutexattr_t * restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict prioceiling);

int pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol     (const pthread_mutexattr_t * restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict protocol);

int pthread_mutexattr_getpshared      (const pthread_mutexattr_t * restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict pshared);

int pthread_mutexattr_gettype         (const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict type);

int pthread_mutexattr_init            (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);

int pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling  (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr,
                                       int prioceiling);

int pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol     (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr,
                                       int protocol);

int pthread_mutexattr_setpshared      (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr,
                                       int pshared);

int pthread_mutexattr_settype         (pthread_mutexattr_t *attr,
                                       int type);

int pthread_once                      (pthread_once_t *once_control,
                                       void (*init_routine)(void));

int pthread_rwlock_destroy            (pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);

int pthread_rwlock_init               (pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock,
                                       const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict attr);

int pthread_rwlock_rdlock             (pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);

int pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock        (pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock,
                                       const struct timespec *restrict abs_timeout);

int pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock        (pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock,
                                       const struct timespec *restrict abs_timeout);

int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock          (pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);

int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock          (pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);

int pthread_rwlock_unlock             (pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);

int pthread_rwlock_wrlock             (pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);

int pthread_rwlockattr_destroy        (pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr);

int pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared     (const pthread_rwlockattr_t * restrict attr,
                                       int *restrict pshared);

int pthread_rwlockattr_init           (pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr);

int pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared     (pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr,
                                       int pshared);

int pthread_setcancelstate            (int state,
                                       int *oldstate);

int pthread_setcanceltype             (int type,
                                       int *oldtype);

int pthread_setconcurrency            (int new_level);

int pthread_setschedparam             (pthread_t thread,
                                       int policy,
                                       const struct sched_param *param);

int pthread_setschedprio              (pthread_t thread,
                                       int prio);

int pthread_setspecific               (pthread_key_t key,
                                       const void *value);

int pthread_sigmask                   (int how,
                                       const sigset_t *restrict set,
                                       sigset_t *restrict oset);

int pthread_spin_destroy              (pthread_spinlock_t *lock);

int pthread_spin_init                 (pthread_spinlock_t *lock,
                                       int pshared);

int pthread_spin_lock                 (pthread_spinlock_t *lock);

int pthread_spin_trylock              (pthread_spinlock_t *lock);

int pthread_spin_unlock               (pthread_spinlock_t *lock);

int sigprocmask                       (int how,
                                       const sigset_t *restrict set,
                                       sigset_t *restrict oset);

pthread_t pthread_self                (void);

void *pthread_getspecific             (pthread_key_t key);

void pthread_cleanup_pop              (int execute);

void pthread_cleanup_push             (void (*routine)(void*),
                                       void *arg);

void pthread_exit                     (void *value_ptr);

void pthread_testcancel               (void);

pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
``