命令是一种行为设计模式, 它可将请求或简单操作转换为一个对象。
此类转换让你能够延迟进行或远程执行请求, 还可将其放入队列中。
在 Java 中使用模式
复杂度: ⭐
流行度: ⭐⭐⭐
使用示例: 命令模式在 Java 代码中很常见。 大部分情况下, 它被用于代替包含行为的参数化 UI 元素的回调函数, 此外还被用于对任务进行排序和记录操作历史记录等。
以下是在核心 Java 程序库中的一些示例:
-
java.lang.Runnable
的所有实现 -
javax.swing.Action
的所有实现
识别方式: 命令模式可以通过抽象或接口类型 (发送者) 中的行为方法来识别, 该类型调用另一个不同的抽象或接口类型 (接收者) 实现中的方法, 该实现则是在创建时由命令模式的实现封装。 命令类通常仅限于一些特殊行为。
文字编辑器和撤销
本例中的文字编辑器在每次用户与其互动时, 都会创建一个新的命令对象。 命令执行其行为后会被压入历史堆栈。
现在, 当程序执行撤销操作时, 它就需要从历史记录中取出最近执行的命令, 然后执行反向操作或者恢复由该命令保存的编辑器历史状态。
commands
commands/Command.java: 抽象基础命令
package refactoring_guru.command.example.commands; import refactoring_guru.command.example.editor.Editor; public abstract class Command { public Editor editor; private String backup; Command(Editor editor) { this.editor = editor; } void backup() { backup = editor.textField.getText(); } public void undo() { editor.textField.setText(backup); } public abstract boolean execute(); }
commands/CopyCommand.java: 将所选文字复制到剪贴板
package refactoring_guru.command.example.commands; import refactoring_guru.command.example.editor.Editor; public class CopyCommand extends Command { public CopyCommand(Editor editor) { super(editor); } @Override public boolean execute() { editor.clipboard = editor.textField.getSelectedText(); return false; } }
commands/PasteCommand.java: 从剪贴板粘贴文字
package refactoring_guru.command.example.commands; import refactoring_guru.command.example.editor.Editor; public class PasteCommand extends Command { public PasteCommand(Editor editor) { super(editor); } @Override public boolean execute() { if (editor.clipboard == null || editor.clipboard.isEmpty()) return false; backup(); editor.textField.insert(editor.clipboard, editor.textField.getCaretPosition()); return true; } }
commands/CutCommand.java: 将文字剪切到剪贴板
package refactoring_guru.command.example.commands; import refactoring_guru.command.example.editor.Editor; public class CutCommand extends Command { public CutCommand(Editor editor) { super(editor); } @Override public boolean execute() { if (editor.textField.getSelectedText().isEmpty()) return false; backup(); String source = editor.textField.getText(); editor.clipboard = editor.textField.getSelectedText(); editor.textField.setText(cutString(source)); return true; } private String cutString(String source) { String start = source.substring(0, editor.textField.getSelectionStart()); String end = source.substring(editor.textField.getSelectionEnd()); return start + end; } }
commands/CommandHistory.java: 命令历史
package refactoring_guru.command.example.commands; import java.util.Stack; public class CommandHistory { private Stack<Command> history = new Stack<>(); public void push(Command c) { history.push(c); } public Command pop() { return history.pop(); } public boolean isEmpty() { return history.isEmpty(); } }
editor
editor/Editor.java: 文字编辑器的 GUI
package refactoring_guru.command.example.editor; import refactoring_guru.command.example.commands.*; import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; public class Editor { public JTextArea textField; public String clipboard; private CommandHistory history = new CommandHistory(); public void init() { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Text editor (type & use buttons, Luke!)"); JPanel content = new JPanel(); frame.setContentPane(content); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); content.setLayout(new BoxLayout(content, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS)); textField = new JTextArea(); textField.setLineWrap(true); content.add(textField); JPanel buttons = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER)); JButton ctrlC = new JButton("Ctrl+C"); JButton ctrlX = new JButton("Ctrl+X"); JButton ctrlV = new JButton("Ctrl+V"); JButton ctrlZ = new JButton("Ctrl+Z"); Editor editor = this; ctrlC.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { executeCommand(new CopyCommand(editor)); } }); ctrlX.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { executeCommand(new CutCommand(editor)); } }); ctrlV.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { executeCommand(new PasteCommand(editor)); } }); ctrlZ.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { undo(); } }); buttons.add(ctrlC); buttons.add(ctrlX); buttons.add(ctrlV); buttons.add(ctrlZ); content.add(buttons); frame.setSize(450, 200); frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); frame.setVisible(true); } private void executeCommand(Command command) { if (command.execute()) { history.push(command); } } private void undo() { if (history.isEmpty()) return; Command command = history.pop(); if (command != null) { command.undo(); } } }
Demo.java: 客户端代码
package refactoring_guru.command.example; import refactoring_guru.command.example.editor.Editor; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Editor editor = new Editor(); editor.init(); } }
OutputDemo.png: 执行结果