Python3

Numbers

>>> 8 / 5    # division always returns a floating point number
1.6


>>> 17 / 3   # classic division returns a float
5.666666666666667
>>>
>>> 17 // 3  # floor division discards the fractional part
5


>>> 2 ** 7   # 2 to the power of 7
128


>>> tax = 12.5 / 100
>>> price = 100.50
>>> price * tax
12.5625
>>> price + _
113.0625
>>> round(_, 2)
113.06


>>> from fractions import Fraction
>>> Fraction(16, -10)
Fraction(-8, 5)
>>> Fraction(123)
Fraction(123, 1)
>>> Fraction()
Fraction(0, 1)
>>> Fraction('3/7')
Fraction(3, 7)
>>> Fraction(' -3/7 ')
Fraction(-3, 7)
>>> Fraction('1.414213 \t\n')
Fraction(1414213, 1000000)
>>> Fraction('-.125')
Fraction(-1, 8)
>>> Fraction('7e-6')
Fraction(7, 1000000)
>>> Fraction(2.25)
Fraction(9, 4)
>>> Fraction(1.1)
Fraction(2476979795053773, 2251799813685248)
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> Fraction(Decimal('1.1'))
Fraction(11, 10)

Strings

>>> 'spam eggs'  # single quotes
'spam eggs'
>>> 'doesn\'t'   # use \' to escape the single quote...
"doesn't"
>>> "doesn't"    # ...or use double quotes instead
"doesn't"
>>> '"Yes," he said.'
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> "\"Yes,\" he said."
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
'"Isn\'t," she said.'


>>> print('C:\some\name')   # here \n means newline!
C:\some
ame
>>> print(r'C:\some\name')  # note the r before the quote
C:\some\name


# String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or
# '''...'''. End of lines are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible
# to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line.
>>> print("""/
... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
...      -h                        Display this usage message
...      -H hostname               Hostname to connect to
... """)
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
     -h                        Display this usage message
     -H hostname               Hostname to connect to
#here is a end of line


>>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'
>>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
'unununium'



# Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes)
# next to each other are automatically concatenated.
>>> 'Py' 'thon'
'Python'


>>> word = 'Python'
>>> word[0]   # character in position 0
'P'
>>> word[5]   # character in position 5
'n'
>>> word[-1]   # last character
'n'
>>> word[-2]   # second-last character
'o'
>>> word[-6]
'P'
>>> word[0:2]  # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)
'Py'
>>> word[2:5]  # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded)
'tho'

# Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded.
# This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s:
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
'Python'
>>> word[:4] + word[4:]
'Python'


>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'
>>> len(s)
34

List

>>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
>>> squares[0] = 2
>>> squares
[2, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares.append(50)
>>> squares
[2, 4, 9, 16, 25, 50]

>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> n = [1, 2, 3]
>>> x = [a, n]
>>> x
[['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]]
>>> x[0]
['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> x[0][1]
'b'


>>> # Fibonacci series:
... # the sum of two elements defines the next
... a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 10:
...     print(b)
...     a, b = b, a+b
...
1
1
2
3
5
8

More Control Flow Tools

# if Statements
>>> x = int(input("Please enter an integer: "))
Please enter an integer: 42
>>> if x < 0:
...     x = 0
...     print('Negative changed to zero')
... elif x == 0:
...     print('Zero')
... elif x == 1:
...     print('Single')
... else:
...     print('More')
...
More

# for Statements
>>> # Measure some strings:
... words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
>>> for w in words:
...     print(w, len(w))
...
cat 3
window 6
defenestrate 12

# The range() Function
>>> for i in range(5):
...     print(i)
...
0
1
2
3
4

range(5, 10)
   5 through 9

range(0, 10, 3)
   0, 3, 6, 9

range(-10, -100, -30)
   -10, -40, -70

>>> a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb']
>>> for i in range(len(a)):
...     print(i, a[i])
...
0 Mary
1 had
2 a
3 little
4 lamb

# Loop statements may have an else clause; it is executed when the loop terminates
# through exhaustion of the list (with for) or when the condition becomes false
# (with while), but not when the loop is terminated by a break statement. 

>>> for n in range(2, 10):
...     for x in range(2, n):
...         if n % x == 0:
...             print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x)
...             break
...     else:
...         # loop fell through without finding a factor
...         print(n, 'is a prime number')
...
2 is a prime number
3 is a prime number
4 equals 2 * 2
5 is a prime number
6 equals 2 * 3
7 is a prime number
8 equals 2 * 4
9 equals 3 * 3


# pass Statements
# The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is
# required syntactically but the program requires no action.

>>> while True:
...     pass  # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
...


# Defining Functions
>>> def fib(n):    # write Fibonacci series up to n
...     """Print a Fibonacci series up to n."""
...     a, b = 0, 1
...     while a < n:
...         print(a, end=' ')
...         a, b = b, a+b
...     print()
...
>>> # Now call the function we just defined:
... fib(2000)
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597

# More on Defining Functions
>>> def ask_ok(prompt, retries=4, reminder='Please try again!'):
...     while True:
...         ok = input(prompt)
...         if ok in ('y', 'ye', 'yes'):
...             return True
...         if ok in ('n', 'no', 'nop', 'nope'):
...             return False
...         retries = retries - 1
...         if retries < 0:
...             raise ValueError('invalid user response')
...         print(reminder)