JDK 14中更好的NPE消息

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-09 22:19:34 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-09 22:19:34 发布

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我的2019年3月博客文章“ Java会出现更好的默认NullPointerException消息吗？ ”是在尚未针对特定JDK版本针对更好的NullPointerException消息的JEP 草案编写时编写的。此后，该JEP草案成为JEP 14的目标 JEP 358（“ Helpful NullPointerExceptions”）。更好的是，初始实现（ JDK-8218628 ）已经在JDK 14分支中，并且可以在JDK 14 Early Access Build Build 20（2019/10/23）中使用 。

在本文中，我将针对JDK 14 Early Access Build 20运行先前文章中介绍的示例代码，以演示现在提供的其他详细信息。要查看为故意引入导致NullPointerException的各种情况而编写的示例代码，请参阅前面的文章或查看GitHub上的源代码。

下载JDK 14 Early Access Build 20并按其路径指向该文件后，运行java -version时会看到以下内容：

 openjdk version "14-ea" 2020 - 03 - 17  OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 14 -ea+ 20 - 879 )  OpenJDK 64 -Bit Server VM (build 14 -ea+ 20 - 879 , mixed mode, sharing)

在正确配置了JDK 14 Early Access Build 20之后 ，我重新构建了前面提到的源代码，然后使用Java启动器重新运行了该代码，而没有任何新选项。该输出（如下所示）与以前的JDK版本的输出没有实质性差异。

 =========================================  | # | # 1 : Element [ null boolean array | ] on : Element [ 0 ] on  =========================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateFirstExampleIndexAccessOnNullBooleanArray(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =================================  | # | # 2 : .length on null boolean [] |  =================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateSecondExampleLengthOnNullBooleanArray(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =======================================  | # | # 3 : Assigning float : Assigning to null float [] |  =======================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateThirdExampleAssigningValueToElementOfNullFloatArray(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ======================================  | # | # 4 : Accessing field on null object | : Accessing field on object |  ======================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateFourthExampleAccessInstanceFieldOfNullObject(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ===================  | # | # 5 : throw null ; | ; |  ===================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateFifthExampleThrowingConstantNull(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ================================================  | # | # 6 : Method invocation on null instance field | : Method invocation on  ================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateSixthExampleMethodInvocationOnNullInstanceField(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =============================================  | # | # 7 : () on null instance field | () on synchronized () on instance field |  =============================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateSeventhExampleSynchronizedNullInstanceField(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ==========================================================================  | >>> Null Lost in Long Series of Method Invocations in Single Statement |  ==========================================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateNullLostInSeriesOfMethodInvocationsInSingleStatement(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =======================================================  | >>> Null Lost in Dereferenced Constructor Arguments |  =======================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateNullLostInConstructorAcceptingMultiplePotentiallyNullArgumentsDereferenced(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ==================================================  | >>> Null Lost in Dereferenced Method Arguments |  ==================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateNullLostInMethodAcceptingMultiplePotentiallyNullArgumentsDereferenced(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)

如以上输出所示，即使使用新的JDK 14 Early Access Build 20，当我正常运行应用程序时，也看不到有关NullPointerException的任何新的详细信息。我包含了此输出，以表明需要一个特殊的标志来启用更详细的NullPointerException ，并使其更方便地比较带有和不带有其他详细信息的输出。下一个输出清单显示了将Java启动器传递给标志-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages时提供的其他详细信息：

 =========================================  | # | # 1 : Element [ null boolean array | ] on : Element [ 0 ] on  =========================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot load from byte / boolean array because java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot load from array because "<local1>" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateFirstExampleIndexAccessOnNullBooleanArray(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =================================  | # | # 2 : .length on null boolean [] |  =================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot read the array length because "<local1>" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateSecondExampleLengthOnNullBooleanArray(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =======================================  | # | # 3 : Assigning float : Assigning to null float [] |  =======================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot store to array because "<local1>" is null array because java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot store to float array because 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateThirdExampleAssigningValueToElementOfNullFloatArray(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ======================================  | # | # 4 : Accessing field on null object | : Accessing field on object |  ======================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot read field "nullInstanceField" because "<local1>" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateFourthExampleAccessInstanceFieldOfNullObject(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ===================  | # | # 5 : throw null ; | ; |  ===================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot throw exception because "null" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateFifthExampleThrowingConstantNull(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ================================================  | # | # 6 : Method invocation on null instance field | : Method invocation on  ================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "String.isEmpty()" because "this.nullInstanceField" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateSixthExampleMethodInvocationOnNullInstanceField(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =============================================  | # | # 7 : () on null instance field | () on synchronized () on instance field |  =============================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot enter synchronized block because "this.nullInstanceField" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateSeventhExampleSynchronizedNullInstanceField(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateJdk8218628Examples(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ==========================================================================  | >>> Null Lost in Long Series of Method Invocations in Single Statement |  ==========================================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "dustin.examples.npe.DysfunctionalLocation$Province.getCity()" because the return value of "dustin.examples.npe.DysfunctionalLocation$Nation.getProvince()" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateNullLostInSeriesOfMethodInvocationsInSingleStatement(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  =======================================================  | >>> Null Lost in Dereferenced Constructor Arguments |  =======================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "java.lang.Long.longValue()" because "<local6>" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateNullLostInConstructorAcceptingMultiplePotentiallyNullArgumentsDereferenced(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)  ==================================================  | >>> Null Lost in Dereferenced Method Arguments |  ==================================================  java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "java.lang.Long.longValue()" because "<local6>" is null 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.demonstrateNullLostInMethodAcceptingMultiplePotentiallyNullArgumentsDereferenced(Unknown Source) 
  at dustin.examples.npe.NpeDemo.main(Unknown Source)

JEP 358解释了使用此标志来查看其他NullPointerException详细信息：“可以使用新的boolean命令行选项-XX { + | - } ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages -XX { + | - } ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages 。该选项将首先具有默认值' false '，以便不打印消息。它旨在在以后的版本中默认情况下在异常消息中启用代码详细信息。” 如我们所见，此功能默认情况下最初处于关闭状态，但是有计划在将来启用更详细的NullPointerException消息。

最近的一条Tweet问了一个问题：“如果字节码不包含变量名，它将如何工作？” 这个问题通过提供一个具体的例子来继续：“假设我们有像Object a = ....; a.getName(); //NPE这样的代码Object a = ....; a.getName(); //NPE Object a = ....; a.getName(); //NPE Object a = ....; a.getName(); //NPE NPE会Object a = ....; a.getName(); //NPE哪种消息？” 尽管在前面显示的一系列测试中都包含了一个示例，但我认为我将在此提供一个针对性更强的示例来回答该问题。下一个代码清单（也在GitHub上提供）显示了改编自Tweet中使用的示例的代码。

 package dustin.examples.npe;  /** 
  * Simple demonstration to answer Tweet-ed question 
  * "How it will work if bytecode doesn't contain variable names?" 
  * ( https://twitter.com/2doublewhiskey/status/1180365953240055809 ). 
  */  public class TwoDoubleWhiskeyTweetExample  { 
    public static void main( final String[] arguments) 
    { 
       final Person person = null ; 
       person.getName(); //NPE 
    }    
    public static class Person 
    { 
       private String name; 
       public Person( final String newName) 
       { 
          name = newName; 
       } 
       public String getName() 
       { 
          return name; 
       } 
    }  }

下一个屏幕快照显示了使用JDK 14 Early Access Build 20（不带java启动器标志-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages运行此简单应用程序的结果。

如屏幕快照所示，在JDK 14 Early Access Build 20中使用-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages标志可提供与此简单NullPointerException示例相关的其他详细信息：“无法调用” dustin.examples.npe.TwoDoubleWhiskeyTweetExample $ Person.getName（） ”，因为“ <local1> ”为空”

GitHub上提供了一个更简单甚至更接近Tweet-ed问题中提供的原始示例的示例。

JEP 358 （“ 有用的NullPointerExceptions ”）可能不像新JDK发行版中的其他一些JEP那样浮华，但最终可能是每天为Java开发人员提供比其一些浮华同行更高的价值。有许多示例将对您有所帮助，JEP本身以及本文引用的我的代码示例中都阐明了许多示例情况。