（Michael Kerrisk）Linux系统编程手册读书笔记（一）-----解析命令行选项

 解析命令行选项

1. 1.  函数getopt可以用来解析命令行选项：

函数原型：int getopt(int argc,char *const argv[],const char *optstring)

参数：1.argc,argv 是从main函数的参数列表中获取的。

2.optstring 指定了函数getopt应寻找的命令行选项集合，该参数由一组字符组成，每个字符标识一个选项。getopt至少应该接受62个字符[a-zA-Z0-9]作为选项；：、？、和-这几个是对getopt有着特殊意义的字符；每个选项字符后面跟着一个冒号字符（:），表示这个选项带有一个参数。

返回值：返回得到选项字符的int值，当返回值为-1时，则表示目前没有更多的选项可解析了（已到达选项列表的结尾）。

     2.    函数getopt的全局变量：

2.1  optind：指向参数列表argv中未处理的下一个元素（会跳过选项带有的参数）。

2.2  optopt：返回出现错误的选项字符。

2.3  optstring：指向选项的参数。

2.4  opterr：默认值为1；当其值为0时，可用来禁止显示由getopt函数打印出来的错误消息。

     3.  

函数getopt错误上报的几种行为

错误上报的方法	getopt()会显示错误消息吗	针对未识别的选项产生的返回值	针对缺少参数产生的返回值
默认（opterr == 1）	Y	?	?
opterr == 0	N	?	?
在optstring中将第一个字符设为：	N	?	:

    4.程序实例：

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdarg.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<ctype.h>


#define printable(ch)(isprint((unsigned char)ch) ? ch : '#')
#define MAX_ENAME 132
static char *ename[] = {
        /*   0 */ "", 
        /*   1 */ "EPERM", "ENOENT", "ESRCH", "EINTR", "EIO","ENXIO", 
        /*   7 */ "E2BIG", "ENOEXEC", "EBADF", "ECHILD", 
        /*  11 */ "EAGAIN/EWOULDBLOCK", "ENOMEM","EACCES", "EFAULT", 
        /*  15 */ "ENOTBLK", "EBUSY", "EEXIST","EXDEV", "ENODEV", 
        /*  20 */ "ENOTDIR", "EISDIR","EINVAL", "ENFILE", "EMFILE", 
        /*  25 */ "ENOTTY", "ETXTBSY","EFBIG", "ENOSPC", "ESPIPE", 
        /*  30 */ "EROFS", "EMLINK","EPIPE", "EDOM", "ERANGE", 
        /*  35 */ "EDEADLK/EDEADLOCK", "ENAMETOOLONG", "ENOLCK", "ENOSYS", 
        /*  39 */ "ENOTEMPTY","ELOOP", "", "ENOMSG", "EIDRM", "ECHRNG", 
        /*  45 */ "EL2NSYNC","EL3HLT", "EL3RST", "ELNRNG", "EUNATCH", 
        /*  50 */"ENOCSI", "EL2HLT", "EBADE", "EBADR", "EXFULL", "ENOANO", 
        /*  56 */"EBADRQC", "EBADSLT", "", "EBFONT", "ENOSTR", "ENODATA", 
        /*  62 */"ETIME", "ENOSR", "ENONET", "ENOPKG", "EREMOTE", 
        /*  67 */"ENOLINK", "EADV", "ESRMNT", "ECOMM", "EPROTO", 
        /*  72 */"EMULTIHOP", "EDOTDOT", "EBADMSG", "EOVERFLOW", 
        /*  76 */"ENOTUNIQ", "EBADFD", "EREMCHG", "ELIBACC", "ELIBBAD", 
        /*  81 */"ELIBSCN", "ELIBMAX", "ELIBEXEC", "EILSEQ", "ERESTART", 
        /*  86 */"ESTRPIPE", "EUSERS", "ENOTSOCK", "EDESTADDRREQ", 
        /*  90 */"EMSGSIZE", "EPROTOTYPE", "ENOPROTOOPT", 
        /*  93 */"EPROTONOSUPPORT", "ESOCKTNOSUPPORT", 
        /*  95 */"EOPNOTSUPP/ENOTSUP", "EPFNOSUPPORT", "EAFNOSUPPORT", 
        /*  98 */"EADDRINUSE", "EADDRNOTAVAIL", "ENETDOWN", "ENETUNREACH", 
        /* 102 */"ENETRESET", "ECONNABORTED", "ECONNRESET", "ENOBUFS", 
        /* 106 */"EISCONN", "ENOTCONN", "ESHUTDOWN", "ETOOMANYREFS", 
        /* 110 */"ETIMEDOUT", "ECONNREFUSED", "EHOSTDOWN", "EHOSTUNREACH", 
        /* 114 */"EALREADY", "EINPROGRESS", "ESTALE", "EUCLEAN", 
        /* 118 */"ENOTNAM", "ENAVAIL", "EISNAM", "EREMOTEIO", "EDQUOT", 
        /* 123 */"ENOMEDIUM", "EMEDIUMTYPE", "ECANCELED", "ENOKEY", 
        /* 127 */"EKEYEXPIRED", "EKEYREVOKED", "EKEYREJECTED", 
        /* 130 */"EOWNERDEAD", "ENOTRECOVERABLE", "ERFKILL"
};

typedef enum {FALSE,TRUE} Boolean;

static void usageError(char *,char *,int);
static void outputError(Boolean ,int ,Boolean ,const char *,va_list );
static void terminate(Boolean );
void fatal(const char *format,...);


int main(int ac ,char *av[])
{
    int opt;
    char *pstr;
    int xfnd;

    xfnd = 0;
    pstr = NULL;

    while((opt = getopt(ac,av,":p:x")) != -1)
    {
        printf("opt = %3d(%c);optind = %d",opt,printable(opt),optind);

        if(opt == '?' || opt == ':')
            printf(";optopt = %3d(%c)",optopt,printable(optopt));
        printf("\n");

        switch(opt)
        {
            case 'p': 
                pstr = optarg;
                break;
            case 'x':
                xfnd++;
                break;
            case ':':
                usageError(av[0],"Missing argument",optopt);
            case '?':
                usageError(av[0],"Unrecognized option",optopt);
            default:
                fatal("Unexpected case in switch()");
        }
    }

    if(xfnd != 0)
        printf("-x was specified (count = %d)\n",xfnd);
    if(pstr != NULL)
        printf("-p was specified with the value \"%s\"\n",pstr);
    if(optind < ac)
        printf("First nonoption argument is \"%s\" at av[%d]\n",av[optind],optind);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

static void usageError(char *progName,char *msg,int opt)
{
    if(msg != NULL && opt != 0)
        fprintf(stderr,"%s(-%c)\n",msg,printable(opt));
    fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s [-p arg] [-x]\n",progName);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

void fatal(const char *format,...)
{
    va_list argList;

    va_start(argList,format);
    outputError(FALSE,0,TRUE,format,argList);
    va_end(argList);
    terminate(TRUE);
}

static void outputError(Boolean useErr,int err,Boolean flushStdout,const char *format,va_list ap)
{
    #define BUF_SIZE 500
    char buf[BUF_SIZE],userMsg[BUF_SIZE],errText[BUF_SIZE];

    vsnprintf(userMsg,BUF_SIZE,format,ap);

    if(useErr)
        snprintf(errText,BUF_SIZE,"[%s %s]",(err > 0 && err < MAX_ENAME) ? ename[err] : "?UNKNOWN?",strerror(err));
    else
        snprintf(errText,BUF_SIZE,":");

    snprintf(buf,BUF_SIZE,"ERROR %s %s\n",errText,userMsg);

    if(flushStdout)
        fflush(stdout);
    fputs(buf,stderr);
    fflush(stderr);
}

static void terminate(Boolean useExit3)
{
    char *s;

    s = getenv("EF_DUMPCORE");

    if(s != NULL && s != '\0')
        abort();
    else if(useExit3)
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    else
        _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}