1. ORACLE_SID 与 SID和 INSTANCE_NAME 以及 SID_NAME
ORACLE_SID:即ORACLE System IDentifier,它是一个环境变量。我们一般在oracle用户的home目录中的.bash_profile中进行定义,一般该文件包含下面一行:
[oracle@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/oracle
[oracle@localhost ~]$ grep ORACLE_SID .bash_profile
export ORACLE_SID=jiagulun
其作用就是:
在我们使用在sqlplus工具中startup启动数据库时,
OS就是利用这个环境变量来fork创建构成Oracle实例的各个进程,以及来命名一些文件的名字。如下所示:
[oracle@localhost ~]$ ps -ef | grep oracle
oracle 31707 1 0 13:41 ? 00:00:01 ora_pmon_
jiagulun
oracle 31709 1 0 13:41 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_
jiagulun
oracle 31711 1 0 13:41 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_
jiagulun
oracle 31713 1 0 13:41 ? 00:00:02 ora_dbw0_jiagulun
oracle 31715 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:02 ora_lgwr_jiagulun
oracle 31717 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:05 ora_ckpt_jiagulun
oracle 31719 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:03 ora_smon_jiagulun
oracle 31721 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:00 ora_reco_jiagulun
oracle 31723 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:02 ora_cjq0_jiagulun
oracle 31725 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:04 ora_mmon_jiagulun
oracle 31727 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:01 ora_mmnl_jiagulun
oracle 31729 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_jiagulun
oracle 31731 1 0 13:42 ? 00:00:00 ora_s000_jiagulun
oracle 31733 31704 0 13:42 ? 00:00:00 oraclejiagulun (DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))
racle 31929 1 0 14:48 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc0_jiagulun
oracle 31931 1 0 14:48 ? 00:00:00 ora_arc1_jiagulun
oracle 31935 1 0 14:48 ? 00:00:00 ora_qmnc_jiagulun
oracle 31937 1 0 14:48 ? 00:00:01 ora_q000_jiagulun
oracle 31939 1 0 14:48 ? 00:00:00 ora_q001_jiagulun
oracle 32108 1 1 15:42 ? 00:00:00 ora_j000_jiagulun
[oracle@redhat4 bdump]$ pwd
/u01/app/oracle/admin/jiagulun/bdump
[oracle@redhat4 bdump]$ ls -l alert_jiagulun.log
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 305534 Nov 2 14:01 alert_
jiagulun.log
[oracle@redhat4 dbs]$ pwd
/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs
[oracle@redhat4 dbs]$ ls -l
total 108
-rw-rw---- 1 oracle oinstall 1544 Aug 31 13:08 hc_jiagulun.dat
-rw-rw---- 1 oracle oinstall 1544 Nov 1 17:07 hc_julia.dat
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 12920 May 3 2001 initdw.ora
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 1283 Nov 2 11:33 init
jiagulun.ora
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 14 Nov 1 17:07 initjulia.ora
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 8385 Sep 12 1998 init.ora
-rw-rw---- 1 oracle oinstall 24 Aug 31 13:10 lkJIAGULUN
-rw-rw---- 1 oracle oinstall 24 Nov 1 17:08 lkJULIA
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1536 Oct 25 09:43 orapw
jiagulun
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 3584 Nov 2 14:01 spfile
jiagulun.ora
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 3584 Oct 3 22:17 spfilejiagulun.ora.backup
下面的命令的执行必须要有环境变量ORACLE_SID:
SQL> startup
那么我们的环境变量ORACLE_SID应该设置成什么值呢?
应该是:
我们想要startup哪个Oracle实例,就应该将ORACLE_SID设置成哪个实例的
SID:
下面我们看看SID,在我们用dbca创建数据库时,会出现下面的GUI让我们选择:
第一参数,就是要我们设置一个
DB_NAME来唯一地标识数据库。
第二个参数,要我们设置一个
SID来唯一地标识一个Oracle实例。
我们知道Oracle server由Oracle实例和Oracle数据库两者共同组成。
所以:
1)很显然地,
我们想要startup哪个Oracle实例,就应该将环境变量ORACLE_SID设置成哪个SID。
2)
SID唯一地标识一个Oracle实例,而ORACLE_SID启动该实例,启动之后我们得到一个Oracle实例,这个实例有一个名字:INSTANCE_NAME。
SID==>>ORACLE_SID==>>INSTANCE_NAME这三者是一致的,是完全相同的。
3)同时这个实例向外提供服务,所以又有一个SERVICE_NAME。
而SID_NAME出现在lisnter.ora文件中:
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ cat
listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(SID_NAME = PL***tProc)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1)
(PROGRAM = extproc)
)
(SID_DESC =
(
SID_NAME = jiagulun)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1)
(
GLOBAL_DBNAME = jiagulun)
)
)
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = redhat4)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
)
)
lisnter.ora中的SID_NAME的值必须与SID的值一致。通过lisnter.ora中的SID_NAME和GLOBAL_DBNAME两个参数以及客户端的tnsnames.ora中的SERVICE_NAME,这三个参数一起作用,可以实现ORACLE客户端与服务端的隔离。
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ cat
tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
JIAGULUN =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(
SERVICE_NAME = jiagulun)
)
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PL***tProc)
(PRESENTATION = RO)
)
)
客户端根据tnsname.ora中的SERVICE_NAME和地址(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521)),到这个地址去访问监听器。然后监听器
根据文件lisnter.ora文件中的GLOBAL_NAME来判断是否有一个GLOBAL_DBNAME 和 SERVICE_NAME 相等。如果相等,则建立客户端到SID标识的服务端实例的连接。(有一个例外:tnsnames.ora中可以用参数SID来取代SERVICE_NAME,这时比较的是tnsnames.ora中的SID和lisnter.ora中的SID_NAME,但是从oracle9i开始不推荐使用SID。因为SID无法隔离客户端和服务端)
tnsnames.ora中的地址(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))是监听器监听的地址。监听器进程一直在这个地址上监听,等待客户端的连接。
总结一下:
1)客户端和服务端的隔离是通过lisnter.ora中的GLOBAL_DBNAME来实现的,GLOBAL_DBNAME是一个连接客户端和服务端的桥梁:
a>client端tnsnames.ora中的SERVICE_NAME和server端lisnter.ora中的GLOBAL_DBNAME相等;
b>server端的lisnter.ora中的SID_NAME与系统的SID相等;
2)SID==>>SID_NAME==>>ORACLE_SID==>>INSTANCE_NAME 四者是一致的,相等的;
3)可以在lisnter.ora中配置多个不同的GLOBAL_NAME来供不同的客户端SERVICE_NAME来对应,从而实现不同的客户端使用不同的SERVICE_NAME来访问同一个SID实例使用,配置如下:
lisnter.ora:
(SID_DESC =
(
SID_NAME = jiagulun)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1)
(
GLOBAL_DBNAME = jiagulun)
)
(SID_DESC =
(
SID_NAME = jiagulun)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1)
(
GLOBAL_DBNAME = jgl)
)
tnsnames.ora:
JIAGULUN =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(
SERVICE_NAME = jiagulun)
)
)
JGL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(
SERVICE_NAME = jgl)
)
)
同时设置一下参数
service_names(不进行该项设置似乎也可以,无关紧要)
SQL> show parameter service
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
service_names string jiagulun
SQL> alter system set service_names = 'jiagulun,jgl' scope=both;
System altered.
SQL> show parameter service
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
service_names string jiagulun,jgl
SQL>
测试:
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$
tnsping jiagulun
TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 01-NOV-2012 20:12:22
Copyright (c) 1997, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Used parameter files:
Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias
Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = jiagulun)))
OK (0 msec)
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$
tnsping jgl
TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 01-NOV-2012 20:12:27
Copyright (c) 1997, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Used parameter files:
Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias
Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = jgl)))
OK (10 msec)
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$
现在我们在客户端既可以使用SERVICE_NAME=jiagulun来访问服务端,也可以使用SERVICE_NAME=jgl来访问。使用plsql develop用jgl和jiagulun都可以正常登陆。
2. SID 与 DB_NAME
显然,DB_NAME唯一性地标识了 oracle database,与数据库物理文件相关;而SID唯一性地标识了oracle instance,与所有进程相关。而oracle database和oracle instance一起组成了oracle server. SID和DB_NAME在非RAC环境默认是相等的。但是二者相等与否,无关紧要。在RAC环境,因为一个DB_NAME对应多个SID,所以不可能相等了。
DB_NAME是最重要的一个参数,在dbca中填写的DB_NAME,应该与启动参数文件pfile/spfile中的一致。
在dbca中创建数据库时填写DB_NAME被写入到了多个地方:启动参数文件、控制文件、数据文件、日志文件等。
所以我们不能随便地修改启动参数文件中的DB_NAME参数:
sys@JIAGULUN> create pfile from spfile;
File created.
sys@JIAGULUN> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
[oracle@redhat4 oradata]$ grep db_name /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/initjiagulun.ora
*.db_name='jiagulun'
[oracle@redhat4 oradata]$
如果
启动参数文件中的DB_NAME与控制文件中的不一致,则在mount阶段会报错。
3. SERVICE_NAME 与 SERVICE_NAMES
SERVICE_NAME是Oracle实例提供的服务名。它隔离了Oracle实例,客户端仅仅需要知道SERVICE_NAME就可以访问实例。而不需要知道实例的SID。更不需要知道DB_NAME等信息。
SERVICE_NAMES为实例定义一个或多个SERVICE_NAME,这样可以通过多个SERVICE_NAME将不同的用户连接区分开来。
service name似乎应该分为两种,一种是实例服务名 instance service name,一种是网络服务名 net service name,如下tnsnames.ora所示:
net_service_name =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME =
instance_service_name)
)
)
而plsql develop登陆使用的是net_service_name,而不是instance_service_name。
而tnsping 测试的也是net_service_name,而不是instance_service_name。
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
JIAGULUN =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = jiagulun)
)
)
net_jgl =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME =
jgl)
)
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PL***tProc)
(PRESENTATION = RO)
)
)
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ tnsping
net_jgl
TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 02-NOV-2012 14:01:55
Copyright (c) 1997, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Used parameter files:
Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias
Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = jgl)))
OK (10 msec)
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ tnsping
jgl
TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 02-NOV-2012 14:01:59
Copyright (c) 1997, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Used parameter files:
TNS-03505: Failed to resolve name
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$
如上所示:当我们使用 tnsping instance_service_name是失败了。
而 sqlplus scott/tiger@net_jgl 使用的也是net_service_name.
所以 tnsping, sqlplus user/passwd@net_jgl, plsql develop使用的都是net_service_name,而不是instance_service_name.
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ sqlplus scott/tiger
@net_jgl
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Nov 1 21:08:48 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
[oracle@redhat4 admin]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@jgl
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Nov 2 14:05:57 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
ERROR:
ORA-12154: TNS:could not resolve the connect identifier specified
所以这里提供了多层的隔离:
net_service_name ==>> instance_service_name ==>> global_dbname ==>> sid_name ==>> sid
(sid_name=sid=oracle_sid=instance_name)
1> tnsnames.ora中定义了net_service_name和instance_service_name的对应,或者说隔离。
2> lisnter.ora中定义了global_dbname和sid的对应,或者说隔离;
3> 而tnsnames.ora中的instance_service_name(SERVICE_NAME)又和lisnter.ora中的GLOBAL_DBNAME相等。将两层隔离连接起来。
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-25909722-id-3393985.html
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-25909722-id-3393985.html