Gradle依赖项学习总结,dependencies、transitive、force、exclude的使用与依赖冲突解决

Gradle是一个非常好用的编译工具,特别是继承了maven的依赖项管理功能,需要的Library不需要像传统IDE一样手动下载复制到项目中,只需要简单的写一行gradle脚本,就能自动下载下来并编译。

但是有时候会出现各种不明情况的报错,最常见的一种原因就是依赖项版本冲突。

配置环境变量 GRADLE_HOME
在环境变量里添加用户变量 GRADLE_HOME
这里写图片描述

然后在环境变量 path 中增加 %GRADLE_HOME%\bin;,如图所示:

每个模块都可能依赖其他模块,这些模块又会依赖别的模块。而一个项目中的多个模块,对同一个模块的不同版本有依赖,就可能产生冲突。

通过gradle命令查看依赖树,可以比较直观的看到冲突。具体方法是在模块所在的目录,也即build.gradle所在目录下执行gradle dependencies(需要将gradle加入PATH环境变量),下载Gradle View插件,执行结果如图。

这里写图片描述

Transitive

Transitive用于自动处理子依赖项。默认为true,gradle自动添加子依赖项,形成一个多层树形结构;设置为false,则需要手动添加每个依赖项。

案例

以安卓单元测试espresso的配置为例,gradle依赖如下:

dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}

运行gradle dependencies的结果如下。可以看到每个包的依赖项都被递归分析并添加进来。

+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
|    +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
|    |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
|    +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
     +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
     +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
     +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
     +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
     +--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
     \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1

统一指定transitive

可以给dependencies统一指定transitive为false,再次执行dependencies可以看到如下结果。

configurations.all {
   transitive = false
}
dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1

单独指定依赖项的transitive

dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1') {
       transitive = false
   }
}

版本冲突

在同一个配置下(例如androidTestCompile),某个模块的不同版本同时被依赖时,默认使用最新版,gradle同步时不会报错。例如下面的hamcrest-core和runner。

dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.4')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.4
|    +--- com.android.support:support-annotations:23.0.1
|    +--- junit:junit:4.12
|    |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.3
|    \--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.4
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 -> 0.4 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
     +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
     +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
     +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
     +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 -> 0.4 (*)
     +--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
     \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3

Force

force强制设置某个模块的版本。

configurations.all {
   resolutionStrategy {
       force 'org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.3'
   }
}
dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}

可以看到,原本对hamcrest-core 1.1的依赖,全部变成了1.3。

+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
|    +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
|    |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
|    +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
     +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
     +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3
     +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
     +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
     +--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
     \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1 -> 1.3

Exclude

Exclude可以设置不编译指定的模块

configurations {
   all*.exclude group: 'org.hamcrest', module: 'hamcrest-core'
}
dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
|    +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
|    +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
     +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
     +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
     +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
     +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
     \--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2

单独使用group或module参数

exclude后的参数有group和module,可以分别单独使用,会排除所有匹配项。例如下面的脚本匹配了所有的group为’com.android.support.test’的模块。

configurations {
   all*.exclude group: 'com.android.support.test'
}
dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
     +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
     +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
     +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
     |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
     +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
     +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
     +--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
     \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1

单独给某个模块指定exclude

dependencies {
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1') {
       exclude group: 'org.hamcrest'
   }
}
+--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
|    +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
|    |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
|    +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0
+--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2
|    \--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
\--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:rules:0.2 (*)
     +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
     +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.1
     +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
     +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
     +--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2 (*)
     \--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2

不同配置下的版本冲突

同样的配置下的版本冲突,会自动使用最新版;而不同配置下的版本冲突,gradle同步时会直接报错。可使用exclude、force解决冲突。

例如compile ‘com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.1.1’,和androidTestCompile ‘com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1’,所依赖的com.android.support:support-annotations版本不同,就会导致冲突。

dependencies {
   compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:23.1.1'
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:runner:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test:rules:0.2')
   androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1')
}

gradle同步时会提示

Warning:Conflict with dependency 'com.android.support:support-annotations'. Resolved versions for app and test app differ.

执行dependencies会提示

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.
What went wrong:
A problem occurred configuring project ':app'.
Conflict with dependency 'com.android.support:support-annotations'. Resolved versions for app and test app differ.
 Try:
Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace. Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
BUILD FAILED

不兼容

虽然可以通过force、exclude等方式避免依赖项版本冲突,使得grade同步成功,但是并不能代表编译时没有问题。由于不同版本可能不完全兼容,于是会出现各种奇怪的报错。已知的解决思路是更改包的版本、尝试强制使用不同版本的依赖项,找到可兼容的依赖组合。

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