表内容
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
DISTINCT
作用:重复数据只显示一次
MariaDB [company]> SELECT sex FROM employee_info;
+--------+
| sex |
+--------+
| male |
| male |
| female |
| male |
| male |
+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [company]> SELECT DISTINCT sex FROM employee_info;
+--------+
| sex |
+--------+
| male |
| female |
+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
WHERE
操作符 | 描述 |
---|---|
= | 等于 |
!= | 不等于 |
> | 大于 |
< | 小于 |
= | 大于等于 |
<= | 小于等于 |
BETWEEN | 在某个范围内 |
LIKE | 搜索某种模式 |
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE age!=23;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
AND / OR
AND
逻辑与 / OR
逻辑非
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name='Alex' AND sex='male';
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE age<=25 OR age >=40;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# AND OR 可以混用
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE (name='Alex' AND sex='male') OR age=23;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ORDER BY
默认为升序(ASC
)。降序用 DESC
。
# 等同于 MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info ORDER BY age ASC;
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info ORDER BY age;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 先按 sex 列升序排列,再按 salary 列降序排列
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info ORDER BY sex ASC, salary DESC;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
TOP
只显示 top n 行数据,对大型数据表特别有用
MySQL 语法, LIMIT <number>
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info LIMIT 3;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# limit 默认从 0 开始计数,默认的 0 可以省略
# 从第 1 行计数,显示 4 行
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info LIMIT 1, 4;
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
LIKE
LIKE
操作符用于在 WHERE
子句中搜索列中的指定模式。
# 搜索名字中 'B' 开头的,再一次强调 SQL 不区分大小写。
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name LIKE 'J%';
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name LIKE '%A%';
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 取反
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name NOT LIKE '%A%';
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL 通配符
在搜索数据库中的数据时,SQL 通配符可以替代一个或多个字符。
SQL 通配符必须与 LIKE
运算符一起使用。
在 SQL 中,可使用以下通配符:
通配符 | 描述 |
---|---|
% | 替代一个或多个字符 |
_ | 仅替代一个字符 |
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE salary LIKE '_0000';
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
正则表达式匹配
REGEXP
/ NOT REGEXP
# 查询 name 以 A 或 B 开头的。仍然大小写不敏感。
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name REGEXP '^[AB]';
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 005 | Bruce | 42 | 30000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 开头 name 不以 A 或 B 开头的。
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name REGEXP '^[^AB]';
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
| 003 | Cathy | 23 | 3000 | NULL | female |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
+-----+-------+------+--------+---------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 或
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name NOT REGEXP '^[AB]';
IN
IN
操作符允许我们在 WHERE
子句中规定多个值。
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE name IN ('Alex', 'Jack');
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 002 | Jack | 27 | 8500 | NULL | male |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
BETWEEN … AND …
操作符 BETWEEN ... AND...
会选取介于两个值之间的数据范围。这些值可以是数值、文本或者日期。
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employee_info WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| id | name | age | salary | address | sex |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
| 001 | Alex | 30 | 13000 | NULL | male |
| 004 | John | 36 | 15000 | NULL | male |
+-----+------+------+--------+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
AUTO INCREMENT
我们通常希望在每次插入新记录时,自动地创建主键字段的值。
我们可以在表中创建一个 auto-increment 字段。
MySQL 中 auto increment 列必须为 PRIMARY KEY
。默认从 1 开始计数。
MariaDB [company]> CREATE TABLE test_table5
-> (
-> id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name varchar(255) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
MariaDB [company]> INSERT INTO test_table5 (name) VALUE('Alex');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
MariaDB [company]> INSERT INTO test_table5 (name) VALUE('Bruce');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM test_table5;
+----+-------+
| id | name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | Alex |
| 2 | Bruce |
+----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 从 100 开始计数
MariaDB [company]> CREATE TABLE test_table6
-> (
-> id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name varchar(255) NOT NULL
-> )AUTO_INCREMENT=100;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
SQL 约束 (Constraints)
约束用于限制加入表的数据的类型。
可以在创建表时规定约束(通过 CREATE TABLE
语句),或者在表创建之后也可以(通过 ALTER TABLE
语句)。
我们将主要探讨以下几种约束:
* NOT NULL
* UNIQUE
* PRIMARY KEY
* FOREIGN KEY
* CHECK
MySQL 不支持 CHECK
* DEFAULT
SQL NOT NULL 约束
NOT NULL
约束强制列不接受 NULL
值。
NOT NULL
约束强制字段始终包含值。这意味着,如果不向字段添加值,就无法插入新记录或者更新记录。
下面的 SQL 语句强制 “id” 列和 “name” 列不接受 NULL
值:
MariaDB [company]> CREATE TABLE test_table
-> (
-> id varchar(10) NOT NULL,
-> name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
-> age int
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
MariaDB [company]> INSERT INTO test_table VALUE('001',null,24);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null
SQL UNIQUE 约束
UNIQUE
约束唯一标识数据库表中的每条记录。
UNIQUE
和 PRIMARY KEY
约束均为列或列集合提供了唯一性的保证。
PRIMARY KEY
拥有自动定义的 UNIQUE
约束。
请注意,每个表可以有多个 UNIQUE
约束,但是每个表只能有一个 PRIMARY KEY
约束。
MariaDB [company]> CREATE TABLE test_table2
-> (
-> id varchar(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
-> name varchar(255)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
# 或
MariaDB [company]> CREATE TABLE test_table3
-> (
-> id varchar(20) NOT NULL,
-> name varchar(255),
-> UNIQUE(id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
MariaDB [company]> INSERT INTO test_table2 VALUE('001','Alex');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.19 sec)
MariaDB [company]> INSERT INTO test_table2 VALUE('001','Bruce');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '001' for key 'id'
当表已被创建时,如需在 “age” 列创建 UNIQUE
约束,请使用下列 SQL:
MariaDB [company]> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uni_age ON employee_info(age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [company]> describe employee_info;
+---------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | | |
| name | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| salary | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| address | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
撤销 UNIQUE
约束
MariaDB [company]> ALTER TABLE employee_info DROP INDEX uni_age;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [company]> describe employee_info;
+---------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | | |
| name | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| address | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
多列的 UNIQUE
约束请自行 google。
PRIMARY KEY
PRIMARY KEY
约束唯一标识数据库表中的每条记录。
主键必须包含唯一的值。
主键列不能包含 NULL
值。
每个表都应该有一个主键,并且每个表只能有一个主键。
下面的 SQL 在 “Persons” 表创建时在 “Id_P” 列创建 PRIMARY KEY 约束:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
Id_P int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY (Id_P)
)
# 或
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
Id_P int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255),
)
多列的 PRIMARY KEY
请自行 google。
FOREIGN KEY
相关内容请自行 google。
DEFAULT
DEFAULT
约束用于向列中插入默认值。
如果没有规定其他的值,那么会将默认值添加到所有的新记录。
MariaDB [company]> CREATE TABLE test_table4
-> (
-> id varchar(20),
-> name varchar(255),
-> graduate_age int DEFAULT 22
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
MariaDB [company]> INSERT INTO test_table4 (id,name) VALUE('001','Alex');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM test_table4;
+------+------+--------------+
| id | name | graduate_age |
+------+------+--------------+
| 001 | Alex | 22 |
+------+------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
增加一个已经存在的表的列 DEFAULT
约束
MariaDB [company]> ALTER TABLE test_table4 ALTER name SET DEFAULT 'Unknown';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [company]> describe test_table4;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(255) | YES | | Unknown | |
| graduate_age | int(11) | YES | | 22 | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
撤销 DEFAULT
约束
MariaDB [company]> ALTER TABLE test_table4 ALTER name DROP DEFAULT;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [company]> describe test_table4;
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| graduate_age | int(11) | YES | | 22 | |
+--------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)