Ruby 简明教程 Part 7

1.简介

2.安装

3.基本语法

4高级进阶

 

------继续

3.基本语法

3.14 Date & Time

 

 Time类表示日期和时间。它是操作系统提供的系统日期和时间之上的。  这个类有可能在你的系统上不能表示1970之前或2038之后的日期。

 

3.14.1Getting Current Date and Time 获取当前日期和时间

 

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

time1 = Time.new
puts "Current Time : " + time1.inspect

# Time.now is a synonym:
time2 = Time.now
puts "Current Time : " + time2.inspect

结果：

zzl@zzl-VirtualBox:~/rubyprojects$ ruby demo_time.rb
Current Time : 2019-11-27 02:44:56 +0800
Current Time : 2019-11-27 02:44:56 +0800

3.14.2 Getting Components of a Date & Time 获取组件

 demo_timeComponents.rb

time = Time.new

# Components of a Time
puts "Current Time : " + time.inspect
puts "year=" + time.year.to_s    # => Year of the date 
puts "month=" + time.month.to_s   # => Month of the date (1 to 12)
puts "day=" + time.day.to_s     # => Day of the date (1 to 31 )
puts "wday=" + time.wday.to_s    # => 0: Day of week: 0 is Sunday
puts "yday=" + time.yday.to_s    # => 365: Day of year
puts "hour=" + time.hour.to_s    # => 23: 24-hour clock
puts "min=" + time.min.to_s     # => 59
puts "sec=" + time.sec.to_s     # => 59
puts "ms=" + time.usec.to_s    # => 999999: microseconds
puts "timezone=" + time.zone    # => "UTC": timezone name

结果：

zzl@zzl-VirtualBox:~/rubyprojects$ ruby demo_timeComponent.rb
Current Time : 2019-11-27 03:00:52 +0800
year=2019
month=11
day=27
wday=3
yday=331
hour=3
min=0
sec=52
ms=804903
timezone=CST

3.14.3 Time.utc, Time.gm and Time.local Functions

 utc,gm ,local 函数可以来格式化时间。如下：

# July 8, 2008
Time.local(2008, 7, 8)  
# July 8, 2008, 09:10am, local time
Time.local(2008, 7, 8, 9, 10)   
# July 8, 2008, 09:10 UTC
Time.utc(2008, 7, 8, 9, 10)  
# July 8, 2008, 09:10:11 GMT (same as UTC)
Time.gm(2008, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)  

可以获取以下格式的日期时间信息：

[sec,min,hour,day,month,year,wday,yday,isdst,zone]

 

time = Time.new
values = time.to_a
p values

结果：

[40, 8, 3, 27, 11, 2019, 3, 331, false, "CST"]
 

 

这个数组可以传给 Time.utc 或Time.local 来格式化：

 

time = Time.new
values = time.to_a
puts Time.utc(*values)

结果：

2019-11-27 03:10:41 UTC

以下是从epoch开始的秒数（取决于平台）：

# Returns number of seconds since epoch
time = Time.now.to_i  

# Convert number of seconds into Time object.
Time.at(time)

# Returns second since epoch which includes microseconds
time = Time.now.to_f

3.14.4 Timezones and Daylight Savings Time

你可以用Time 对象获取与Timezones 和 Daylight savings 的所有信息。

time = Time.new

# Here is the interpretation
time.zone       # => "UTC": return the timezone
time.utc_offset # => 0: UTC is 0 seconds offset from UTC
time.zone       # => "PST" (or whatever your timezone is)
time.isdst      # => false: If UTC does not have DST.
time.utc?       # => true: if t is in UTC time zone
time.localtime  # Convert to local timezone.
time.gmtime     # Convert back to UTC.
time.getlocal   # Return a new Time object in local zone
time.getutc     # Return a new Time object in UTC

3.14.5 Formatting Times and Dates

有不同方法可以格式化日期和时间。举例

time = Time.new
puts time.to_s
puts time.ctime
puts time.localtime
puts time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

结果

zzl@zzl-VirtualBox:~/rubyprojects$ ruby demo_timeformat.rb
2019-11-27 03:17:18 +0800
Wed Nov 27 03:17:18 2019
2019-11-27 03:17:18 +0800
2019-11-27 03:17:18

Time.strftime 指令

Sr.No.	Directive & Description
1	%a The abbreviated weekday name (Sun). 英文星期缩写
2	%A The full weekday name (Sunday). 英文星期全名
3	%b The abbreviated month name (Jan).  英文月份缩写
4	%B The full month name (January).   英文月全名
5	%c The preferred local date and time representation. 当地日期和时间表示
6	%d Day of the month (01 to 31).  每月的天，即几号。
7	%H Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00 to 23). 小时，24小时制（00-23）
8	%I Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01 to 12). 小时， 12小时制（01-12）
9	%j Day of the year (001 to 366).   天（001-366）
10	%m Month of the year (01 to 12).  月（01-12）
11	%M Minute of the hour (00 to 59). 分（00-59）
12	%p Meridian indicator (AM or PM).  上下午
13	%S Second of the minute (00 to 60).  秒（00-60）
14	%U Week number of the current year, starting with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week (00 to 53). 当年的第几周，以第一个星期天为第一周的第一天（00-53）
15	%W Week number of the current year, starting with the first Monday as the first day of the first week (00 to 53). 当年周数，以第一个星期一作为第一周的第一天 （00-53）
16	%w Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0 to 6). 周几。 （0-6）
17	%x Preferred representation for the date alone, no time. 日期，没有时间
18	%X Preferred representation for the time alone, no date. 时间，没有日期。
19	%y Year without a century (00 to 99). 最后俩位年
20	%Y Year with century.   四位年
21	%Z Time zone name.  时间带名字
22	%% Literal % character.   %

3.14.6 Time Arithmetic 时间算术

 时间可以+，-。举例：

now = Time.now          # Current time
puts now

past = now - 10         # 10 seconds ago. Time - number => Time
puts past

future = now + 10  # 10 seconds from now Time + number => Time
puts future

diff = future - past     # => 10  Time - Time => number of seconds
puts diff

结果

zzl@zzl-VirtualBox:~/rubyprojects$ ruby  demo_timeArithmetic.rb
2019-11-27 03:21:18 +0800
2019-11-27 03:21:08 +0800
2019-11-27 03:21:28 +0800
20.0

3.15 Iterator 迭代器

迭代器依次返回集合中所有成员。 介绍一下each 和 collect.

3.15.1 Ruby each Iterator

each {|item| block} → ary

each → Enumerator

将每个元素都传给block执行，返回自己。

如果没有block ,则返回枚举器。

a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
b=a.each {|x| print x, " -- " }
puts "\n"
p  b

结果：

ruby demo_each.rb
a -- b -- c -- 
["a", "b", "c"]

each_index {|index| block} → ary

each_index → Enumerator

和each 类似，不过它传的是元素的索引，而不是元素。 

如果没有block ,则返回枚举器。

3.15.2 Ruby collect Iterator

collect {|item| block} → new_ary

collect → Enumerator

将每一个元素都执行block，返回一个数组包含block返回的值。

如果没有block， 返回一个枚举器。

a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
a.collect {|x| x + "!"}           #=> ["a!", "b!", "c!", "d!"]
a.map.with_index {|x, i| x * i}   #=> ["", "b", "cc", "ddd"]
a                                 #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

collect! {|item| block } → ary

collect! → Enumerator

将每一个元素都执行block，替换原来的元素。

如果没有block， 返回一个枚举器。

a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
a.map! {|x| x + "!" }
a #=>  [ "a!", "b!", "c!", "d!" ]
a.collect!.with_index {|x, i| x[0...i] }
a #=>  ["", "b", "c!", "d!"]