第三章:线性变换
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设R 3 ^{3} 3中的线性变换 A \mathscr{A} A 将 α 1 = ( 0 , 0 , 1 ) T , α 2 = ( 0 , 1 , 1 ) T , α 3 = ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) T \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}=(0,0,1)^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}=(0,1,1)^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3}=(1,1,1)^{\mathrm{T}} α1=(0,0,1)T,α2=(0,1,1)T,α3=(1,1,1)T 变换到 β 1 = \boldsymbol{\beta}_{1}= β1=
( 2 , 3 , 5 ) T , β 2 = ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) T , β 3 = ( 0 , 1 , − 1 ) T . (2,3,5)^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{2}=(1,0,0)^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{3}=(0,1,-1)^{\mathrm{T}} . (2,3,5)T,β2=(1,0,0)T,β3=(0,1,−1)T. 求 A \mathscr{A} A 在自然基和 α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3} α1,α2,α3 下的矩阵.P51
解法: [ α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ] = B \left[\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}\right]=B [α1,α2,α3]=B
[ β 1 , β 2 , β 3 ] = D \left[\beta_{1}, \beta_{2}, \beta_{3}\right]=D [β1,β2,β3]=D
[ φ ( α 1 ) , φ ( α 2 ) , φ ( α 3 ) ] = [ β 1 , β 2 , β 3 ] = [ α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ] A \left[\varphi\left(\alpha_{1}\right), \varphi\left(\alpha_{2}\right), \varphi\left(\alpha_{3}\right)\right]=\left[\beta_{1}, \beta_{2}, \beta_{3}\right]=\left[\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}\right] A [φ(α1),φ(α2),φ(α3)]=[β1,β2,β3]=[α1,α2,α3]A
⇒ A = B − 1 D \Rightarrow A=B^{-1} D ⇒A=B−1D.(P53)自然基: e 1 , e 2 , e 3 e_1,e_2,e_3 e1,e2,e3,下:就是矩阵 B B B.
e 1 = ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) T , e 2 = ( 0 , 1 , 0 ) T , e 3 = ( 0 , 0 , 1 ) T \boldsymbol{e}_{1}=(1,0,0)^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{e}_{2}=(0,1,0)^{\mathrm{T}}, \boldsymbol{e}_{3}=(0,0,1)^{\mathrm{T}} e1=(1,0,0)T,e2=(0,1,0)T,e3=(0,0,1)T
解 :
设 A ( α 1 ) = β 1 = k 1 e 1 + k 2 e 2 + k 3 e 3 , \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}\right)=\boldsymbol{\beta}_{1}=k_{1} \boldsymbol{e}_{1}+k_{2} \boldsymbol{e}_{2}+k_{3} \boldsymbol{e}_{3}, A(α1)=β1=k1e1+k2e2+k3e3, 则
解出: ( k 1 k 2 k 3 ) = ( 2 3 5 ) \left( \begin{array} { l } { k _ { 1 } } \\ { k _ { 2 } } \\ { k _ { 3 } } \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array} { r } { 2 } \\ { 3 } \\ { 5 } \end{array} \right) ⎝⎛k1k2k3⎠⎞=⎝⎛235⎠⎞.
同理解出
A ( α 2 ) = ( e 1 , e 2 , e 3 ) ( 1 0 0 ) \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}\right)=\left(\boldsymbol{e}_{1}, \boldsymbol{e}_{2}, \boldsymbol{e}_{3}\right)\left(\begin{array}{r}1 \\ 0 \\ 0\end{array}\right) A(α2)=(e1,e2,e3)⎝⎛100⎠⎞.
A ( α 2 ) = ( e 1 , e 2 , e 3 ) ( 0 1 − 1 ) \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}\right)=\left(\boldsymbol{e}_{1}, \boldsymbol{e}_{2}, \boldsymbol{e}_{3}\right)\left(\begin{array}{r}0 \\ 1 \\ -1\end{array}\right) A(α2)=(e1,e2,e3)⎝⎛01−1⎠⎞.
得到矩阵
A = ( 2 1 0 3 0 1 5 0 − 1 ) A=\left(\begin{array}{rrr}2 & 1 & 0 \\ 3 & 0& 1 \\ 5 & 0 & -1\end{array}\right) A=⎝⎛23510001−1⎠⎞
(P53)在 α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3} α1,α2,α3 下:
解 :
设 A ( α 1 ) = β 1 = k 1 α 1 + k 2 α 2 + k 3 α 3 , \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}\right)=\boldsymbol{\beta}_{1}=k_{1} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}+k_{2} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}+k_{3} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3}, A(α1)=β1=k1α1+k2α2+k3α3, 则
k 1 ( 0 , 0 , 1 ) T + k 2 ( 0 , 1 , 1 ) T + k 3 ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) T = ( 2 , 3 , 5 ) T k_1(0,0,1)^T+k_2(0,1,1)^T+k_3(1,1,1)^T=(2,3,5)^T k1(0,0,1)T+k2(0,1,1)T+k3(1,1,1)T=(2,3,5)T,解出: ( k 1 k 2 k 3 ) = ( 2 1 2 ) \left( \begin{array} { l } { k _ { 1 } } \\ { k _ { 2 } } \\ { k _ { 3 } } \end{array} \right) = \left( \begin{array} { r } { 2 } \\ { 1 } \\ { 2 } \end{array} \right) ⎝⎛k1k2k3⎠⎞=⎝⎛212⎠⎞.
A ( α 1 ) = ( α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ) ( 2 1 2 ) \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}\right)=\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3}\right)\left(\begin{array}{r}2 \\ 1 \\ 2\end{array}\right) A(α1)=(α1,α2,α3)⎝⎛212⎠⎞
同理解出
A ( α 2 ) = ( α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ) ( 0 − 1 1 ) \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}\right)=\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3}\right)\left(\begin{array}{r}0 \\ -1 \\ 1\end{array}\right) A(α2)=(α1,α2,α3)⎝⎛0−11⎠⎞.
A ( α 3 ) = ( α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ) ( − 2 1 0 ) \mathscr{A}\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3}\right)=\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{3}\right)\left(\begin{array}{r}-2 \\ 1 \\ 0\end{array}\right) A(α3)=(α1,α2,α3)⎝⎛−210⎠⎞.
得到矩阵
A = ( 2 0 − 2 1 − 1 1 2 1 0 ) A=\left(\begin{array}{rrr}2 & 0 & -2 \\ 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & 0\end{array}\right) A=⎝⎛2120−11−210⎠⎞.
验证:
( 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ) \left(\begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \end{matrix}\right) ⎝⎛001011111⎠⎞* ( 2 0 − 2 1 − 1 1 2 1 0 ) \left(\begin{matrix} 2 & 0 & -2 \\ 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & 0 \end{matrix}\right) ⎝⎛2120−11−210⎠⎞= ( 2 1 0 3 0 1 5 0 − 1 ) \left(\begin{matrix} 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 3 & 0 & 1 \\ 5 & 0 & -1 \end{matrix}\right) ⎝⎛23510001−1⎠⎞.
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设A,B均为n阶方阵,A有n个互异的特征值,且AB=BA.证明:B相似于对角阵
证明:由于AB=BA 所以有 ( P − 1 A P ) ( P − 1 B P ) = ( P − 1 B P ) ( P − 1 A P ) (P^{-1}AP)(P^{-1}BP)=(P^{-1}BP)(P^{-1}AP) (P−1AP)(P−1BP)=(P−1BP)(P−1AP),可以取P使得 P − 1 A P = d i a g [ d 1 , d 2 . . . . d n ] , 令 P − 1 B P = ( C i j ) n ∗ n P^{-1}AP=diag[d_1,d_2....d_n],令P^{-1}BP=(C_{ij})_{n*n} P−1AP=diag[d1,d2....dn],令P−1BP=(Cij)n∗n,则有:
( d 1 . . d n ) ∗ ( c 11 c 12 . . c n 1 c n n ) = ( c 11 c 12 . . c n 1 c n n ) ∗ ( d 1 . . d n ) \left(\begin{array}{rrr}d_1 & & \\ & .. & \\ & & d_n\end{array}\right)*\left(\begin{array}{rrr}c_{11} & c_{12} & \\ & .. & \\ c_{n1} & & c_{nn}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{rrr}c_{11} & c_{12} & \\ & .. & \\ c_{n1} & & c_{nn}\end{array}\right)*\left(\begin{array}{rrr}d_1 & & \\ & .. & \\ & & d_n\end{array}\right) ⎝⎛d1..dn⎠⎞∗⎝⎛c11cn1c12..cnn⎠⎞=⎝⎛c11cn1c12..cnn⎠⎞∗⎝⎛d1..dn⎠⎞.
比较两边元素有 d i c i j = d j c i j d_ic_{ij}=d_jc_{ij} dicij=djcij,(i,j=1,2……n),当 i ≠ j , 有 d i ≠ d j i \ne j,有d_i \neq d_j i=j,有di=dj
由上式得到 ( d i − d j ) C i j = 0 (d_i-d_j)C_{ij}=0 (di−dj)Cij=0,所以 C i j = 0 , ( i , j = 1 , 2 , 3... n , i ≠ j ) C_{ij}=0,(i,j=1,2,3...n,i \neq j) Cij=0,(i,j=1,2,3...n,i=j),所以
P − 1 B P = ( c 11 . . c n n ) P^{-1}BP=\left(\begin{array}{rrr}c_{11} & & \\ & .. & \\ & & c_{nn}\end{array}\right) P−1BP=⎝⎛c11..cnn⎠⎞,