CopyOnWriteArraySet<E>和CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

CopyOnWriteArraySet<E>和CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

 

CopyOnWrite ArraySet<E>类图

CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>类是ArrayList<E>的线程安全版本。一句话很清楚的说明了CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>的作用，注释中同样指出了实现了原理：任何改变数组的操作都是在内部数组的一个新的拷贝上进行的。这样的实现对于写来说代价很大，但如果多线程环境下遍历的操作，读操作远远多于写操作来说就比较高效了。因此应用的场景就是：在多线程环境下一个读操作远远多于写操作的列表。

线程安全最简单的做法就是同步，那我们从源码的角度来看下ConpyOnWriteArrayList<E>相对于直接在ArrayList<E>上进行操作的同步比较起来的改进之处：写操作在可重入锁的保护下在内部数组的拷贝上进行，操作完成后将内部数组换成最新的数组。这样读操作就不许要进行同步，避免了直接同步ArrayList<E>时对读操作带来的开销。

public boolean add(E e) {         final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;         lock.lock();         try {             Object[] elements = getArray();             int len = elements.length;             Object[] newElements = Arrays.copyOf(elements, len + 1);             newElements[len] = e;             setArray(newElements);             return true;         } finally {             lock.unlock();         } }     //读操作不做同步保护 public E get(int index) {         return get(getArray(), index);     }

Iterator操作

         CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>的Iterator返回的迭代器是COWIterator<E>,实际迭代的内容是调用Iterator是列表的一个快照，因此可以很快的迭代整个序列，但是因为是快照，所以无法通过迭代器的写操作来改变原先的列表，所以该迭代器的写操作都会抛出异常，如：

private COWIterator(Object[] elements, int initialCursor) {             cursor = initialCursor;             snapshot = elements;         } //COWIterator的remove,set,add操作都会抛出异常 public void remove() {             throw new UnsupportedOperationException();         }

 

CopyOnWriteArraySet<E>

CopyOnWriteArraySet<E>内部的本质使用的就是CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>再实现java.util.Set接口来实现Set的操作，因此同样具有以下特点：

1.      适用于数量不大，读操作远远多于写操作，需要多线程安全的。

2.      写操作的代价非常高。

3.      迭代器Iterator不支持remove等写操作，带迭代器的读很快。

 

private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> al;       /**      * Creates an empty set.      */     public CopyOnWriteArraySet() {         al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>(); }       public boolean add(E e) {         return al.addIfAbsent(e); }     public Iterator<E> iterator() {         return al.iterator();     }

 

具体应用

Java.sql.DriverManager中用来保存注册过的所有Driver信息。该应用场景实际上就是依次注册，后此多次遍历使用的场景，同时需要提供线程安全的特性。

Java.sql.DriverManager:

private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo>();   //  Worker method called by the public getConnection() methods.     private static Connection getConnection(         String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {         /*          * When callerCl is null, we should check the application's          * (which is invoking this class indirectly)          * classloader, so that the JDBC driver class outside rt.jar          * can be loaded from here.          */         ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;         synchronized (DriverManager.class) {             // synchronize loading of the correct classloader.             if (callerCL == null) {                 callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();             }         }           if(url == null) {             throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");         }           println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");           // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.         // Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.         SQLException reason = null;         //遍历注册的驱动信息，获取url对应的驱动类。         for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {             // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then             // skip it.             if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {                 try {                     println("    trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());                     Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);                     if (con != null) {                         // Success!                         println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());                         return (con);                     }                 } catch (SQLException ex) {                     if (reason == null) {                         reason = ex;                     }                 }               } else {                 println("    skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());             }           }           // if we got here nobody could connect.         if (reason != null)    {             println("getConnection failed: " + reason);             throw reason;         }           println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);         throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");     }

 

Com.mysql.jdbc.Driver:

//如com.mysql.jdbc.Driver类启动时会调用DriverManager.registerDriver方法来注册mysql //的驱动信息 package com.mysql.jdbc;   import java.sql.DriverManager; import java.sql.SQLException;   public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver   implements java.sql.Driver {   static   {     try     {       DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());     } catch (SQLException E) {       throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");     }   } }