知识点7--Docker的容器命令

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已于 2023-03-21 23:34:28 修改

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分类专栏： docker+k8s 文章标签： docker 容器运维

于 2022-12-05 19:18:14 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/dudadudadd/article/details/128188884

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本篇为大家介绍Docker的容器命令，也顺带着让大家明白Docker和vmware都属于虚拟化技术下的软件，但是他们的不同之处不止在于运行的系统不同，他们的运行逻辑也不同，VMware是虚拟化完整的系统，而docker是隔离一个进程，这个进程拥有着能够使目标服务运行起来的最小资源量，所有本篇容器命令，我们使用Docker直接在CentOS宿主机上虚拟化一个CentOS来整体讲解容器命令。

说一点：看我写的容器命令和镜像命令博文，要灵活传参，名字、id、别名，大家要灵活使用，不要我下面写什么大家就用什么。包括不同的参数，我不可能把所有的都笛卡尔出来，自己要思考，知道有什么用，就可以自己去组合

1、下载CentOS镜像

[root@hdp3 ~] docker pull centos
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/centos
a1d0c7532777: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
docker.io/library/centos:latest

[root@hdp3 ~] docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
centos       latest    5d0da3dc9764   14 months ago   231MB

其实通过结果就会发现，docker的镜像文件比VMware的虚拟机需要小多了。

2、新建容器并启动运行，run命令有很多参数，具体打大家自己–help去看，不过，常用的就那么几个
在这里插入图片描述
此时我们启动一个CentOS的交互式docker容器，说白了就是你可以从宿主机连接到这个容器与他交互

[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -it --name mycentos centos
[root@64fb7232d515 /] 
[root@64fb7232d515 /] ls
bin  etc   lib    lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr

大家注意看输出，我运行docker命令的时候是在宿主机上，但是当运行docker虚拟化centos之后，默认会自动进入虚拟化出的centos的伪终端，此时你可以正常使用这个虚拟的centos，但是我前面说了，由于它只持有最小资源量所有某些系统内容是没有的。

这里说明一下，本篇博文我们不讲 -P 和 -p 怎么用，后面需要映射端口的时候再说，只讲前四个，同时不要觉得名字鸡肋，虽然我下面的操作都会用容器的ID操作，但是如果你有一个可以很好区分容器的别名，你下面的很多操作其实都可以用别名的

3、查询正在运行的容器列表，我们需要再开启一个宿主机的终端，运行如下命令

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   6 minutes ago   Up 6 minutes             mycentos

注意IMAGE的值由跟着你实例化容器时指定的镜像参数不同而不同，比如我指定的是centos这个镜像名字，如果我指定的是镜像的IMAGE ID那该值就等于IMAGE ID

如果你想查看上一个操作的容器可以使用-l

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   15 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             mycentos

如果你想查看上n个操作的容器可以使用-n num

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
64fb7232d515   centos         "/bin/bash"   17 minutes ago   Exited (0) 4 minutes ago             mycentos
8854df79ef4b   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      3 hours ago      Exited (0) 3 hours ago               confident_allen

如果你想查看操作过的所有容器可以使用-a

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
64fb7232d515   centos         "/bin/bash"   16 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             mycentos
8854df79ef4b   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      3 hours ago      Exited (0) 3 hours ago               confident_allen
4f16af718bfd   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      3 hours ago      Exited (0) 3 hours ago               angry_cohen

在查看容器的基础上，你可以只看容器编号-q

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -q
64fb7232d515

你也可以查看容器的所有信息

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps --no-trunc
CONTAINER ID                                                       IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS              PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6fd2eec282e4f4b03b3fbafade62304b45803455ac837695857de   centos    "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute             mycentos01

4、退出当前所在的容器，有两种方式

方式一：容器停止并退出

[root@64fb7232d515 /] exit
exit
[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

方式二：容器不停止，只退出，在容器的会话界面使用快捷键Ctrl+P+Q
在这里插入图片描述

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   5 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes             mycentos01

5、启动一个以关闭的容器

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago    Up 8 minutes                          mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   30 minutes ago   Exited (0) 16 minutes ago             mycentos

[root@hdp3 ~] docker start 64fb7232d515
64fb7232d515

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago    Up 8 minutes             mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   30 minutes ago   Up 5 seconds             mycentos

6、重启一个容器

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   8 minutes ago    Up 8 minutes             mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   30 minutes ago   Up 5 seconds             mycentos

[root@hdp3 ~] docker restart 709a23ef0ee6
709a23ef0ee6

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   12 minutes ago   Up 7 seconds             mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   34 minutes ago   Up 3 minutes             mycentos

7、停止容器，有两种方式。

方式一：正常停止

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   12 minutes ago   Up 7 seconds             mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   34 minutes ago   Up 3 minutes             mycentos

[root@hdp3 ~] docker stop 709a23ef0ee6
709a23ef0ee6

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   36 minutes ago   Up 5 minutes             mycentos

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   14 minutes ago   Exited (0) 13 seconds ago             mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   36 minutes ago   Up 6 minutes                          mycentos

方式二：强制停止

[root@hdp3 ~] docker kill 64fb7232d515
64fb7232d515

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   16 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago               mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   38 minutes ago   Exited (137) 3 seconds ago             mycentos

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

8、删除一个已停止的容器

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
709a23ef0ee6   centos    "/bin/bash"   19 minutes ago   Exited (0) 5 minutes ago               mycentos01
64fb7232d515   centos    "/bin/bash"   41 minutes ago   Exited (137) 2 minutes ago             mycentos

[root@hdp3 ~] docker rm 709a23ef0ee6
709a23ef0ee6

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 2
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
64fb7232d515   centos         "/bin/bash"   41 minutes ago   Exited (137) 2 minutes ago             mycentos
8854df79ef4b   feb5d9fea6a5   "/hello"      3 hours ago      Exited (0) 3 hours ago                 confident_allen

从输出可以看出，容器以及被删除了，注意只能删除已经停止的容器，除非必要不要用-f强制删，而且要分清楚rm是删除容器，rmi删除镜像

当然和删除镜像一样，如果你要删除多个就用空格分隔，如果你要删除所有就使用如两个命令中的任意一个

docker rm -f $(docker ps -a -q)
或者
docker ps -a -q | xargs docker rm

9、我们上面用了一个交互式，效果就是创建并启动容器后自动打开伪终端。但是我们总不能每次用快捷键退出吧，而且前面没有说怎么进入一个启动的容器。所以现在我们介绍另一种以守护进程的方式创建一个容器。注意守护进程创建的容器如果镜像中没有特别的启动命令默认创建后自动关闭并退出

[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -d centos
7cabf0e3224fe643c1cf7a5c37be51f1d38af5d6b9f443aa92541f463ff7a89f

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps -n 1
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
7cabf0e3224f   centos    "/bin/bash"   2 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             agitated_galileo

10、查看一个容器的日志

[root@hdp3 ~] docker logs -f -t -n 10 7cabf0e3224f
[root@hdp3 ~]

可以看到在查询守护进程所创建的容器日志时，他没有任何输出，这是因为我前面也说了，守护士进程创建的容器，在创建好之后会立马退出并关闭，没有做任何的动作，所以他没有产生任何日志，如果你想让他保持启动，那你就需要通过linux的命令给他传递一个前台挂起的任务，比如我让他创建后循环输出

[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done"
dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
dfaf90c30410   centos    "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   7 seconds ago   Up 6 seconds             silly_albattani

[root@hdp3 ~] docker logs -f -t -n 10 dfaf90c30410
2022-12-05T10:00:12.404963412Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:14.406957687Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:16.409965178Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:18.412695716Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:20.414700829Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:22.416993692Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:24.419391620Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:26.422298319Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:28.423760321Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:30.426126663Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:32.429163038Z 作者真帅
2022-12-05T10:00:34.431533516Z 作者真帅

这里说一点run命令后面跟着/bin/sh意思是登录点，通俗点就是你用那个shell编译器和容器交互，默认是bash

11、查看一个容器内部运行的进程

[root@hdp3 ~] docker top dfaf90c30410
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                19485               19464               0                   18:08               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/sh -c while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done
root                19521               19485               0                   18:09               ?                   00:00:00            /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 2

12、查看一个容器的结构细节

[root@hdp3 ~]# docker inspect dfaf90c30410
[
    {
        "Id": "dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423",
        "Created": "2022-12-05T10:00:04.201303703Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "exited",
            "Running": false,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 0,
            "ExitCode": 137,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2022-12-05T10:00:04.39646781Z",
            "FinishedAt": "2022-12-05T10:01:36.409467857Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/opt/docker/containers/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423/dfaf90c30410b4e93a4f8ebf5fa6c89024f8d9f493e32451981aa6fcac938423-json.log",
        "Name": "/silly_albattani",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813-init/diff:/opt/docker/overlay2/3a95ae1d07564705753844180cffb19a23e1f0519b4bd76fcda276a480d99be1/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/opt/docker/overlay2/0828a0392e6c69c6bf2a66865c0fc7369bcdcb43de22511a2aa67d5492aa4813/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "dfaf90c30410",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo 作者真帅;sleep 2;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "53b915430bb84fa3aa0d8e4466b800d78fe58f2c679de0dc1dc7939aa21eaa08",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/53b915430bb8",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "",
            "Gateway": "",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "",
            "IPPrefixLen": 0,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "18ca23716e982ea105fdae027b63d8e3770ea0281d948496370b38ea28422c8b",
                    "EndpointID": "",
                    "Gateway": "",
                    "IPAddress": "",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 0,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

13、操作一个启动的容器，有两种方式

方式一：attach，这种方式会再次进入这个容器

[root@hdp3 ~] docker run -it centos

[root@b76a1b5188ce /] pwd
/

[root@hdp3 ~]

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
b76a1b5188ce   centos    "/bin/bash"   2 minutes ago   Up 2 minutes             vigilant_bouman

[root@hdp3 ~] docker attach b76a1b5188ce

[root@b76a1b5188ce /]

方式二：exec，这种方式同参数时并不会直接进入容器，而是把命令直接交给容器，并拿到结果

[root@hdp3 ~] docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
b76a1b5188ce   centos    "/bin/bash"   7 minutes ago   Up 7 minutes             vigilant_bouman

[root@hdp3 ~] docker exec -it b76a1b5188ce ls -l /tmp
total 12
-rwx------ 1 root root 701 Sep 15  2021 ks-script-4luisyla
-rwx------ 1 root root 671 Sep 15  2021 ks-script-o23i7rc2
-rwx------ 1 root root 291 Sep 15  2021 ks-script-x6ei4wuu

当然方法二也可以进入容器，和第一种的区别在于第一种方式通常进入的是一个已有的会话，第二种是用一个新的会话连接

[root@hdp3 ~] docker exec -t b76a1b5188ce /bin/bash
[root@b76a1b5188ce /]

14、容器和容器之间拷贝某个文件，你可以运行cp命令

[root@hdp3 ~] docker attach b76a1b5188ce

[root@b76a1b5188ce /] ls
bin  etc   lib    lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr

[root@b76a1b5188ce /] vi myfile
[root@b76a1b5188ce /] cat myfile 
容器内部数据

[root@hdp3 ~] docker cp b76a1b5188ce:/myfile /opt
[root@hdp3 ~] cd /opt/
[root@hdp3 opt] ll |grep myfile 
-rw-r--r--   1 root       root     19 12月  5 19:02 myfile
[root@hdp3 opt] cat myfile 
容器内部数据

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