PostgreSQL表连接：内连接，外连接，自连接，交叉连接

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搜了搜，基本上都是写内连接、外连接、交叉连接这三种类型，但我发现PostgreSQL还有自连接。不妨一并写来做个记录。

先说概念：

内连接，就是两个表逐行匹配，匹配上的内容都显示，没有匹配的都不显示。

外连接有三种，左外连接，右外连接，全外连接。

左外连接是以左表为基础，左表内容全部显示，右表有匹配到左表的则显示，否则不显示。

右外连接是以右表为基础，右表内容全部显示，左表有匹配到右表的则显示，否则不显示。

全外连接是以两表为基础，显示三部分内容，一部分是内连接的内容，即两表匹配的内容，一部分是左表有而右表无的，一部分是左表无右表有的。

自连接是逐行，用当前这行数据和这个表中其他行进行匹配。

交叉连接最省事，笛卡尔积，左表m行右表n行，则结果是m*n行。

下面展示具体例子来帮助理解。

下面是两个表的内容。

mydb=# select * from weather;
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29
 Hayward       |      37 |      54 |      | 1994-11-29
(3 行记录)

mydb=# select * from cities;
     name      | location
---------------+-----------
 San Francisco | (-194,53)
 London        | (0,51)
(2 行记录)

内连接有两种写法：

mydb=# SELECT *
mydb-#     FROM weather, cities
mydb-#     WHERE city = name;
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date    |     name      | location
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------+---------------+-----------
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
(2 行记录)


mydb=# SELECT *
mydb-#     FROM weather INNER JOIN cities ON (weather.city = cities.name);
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date    |     name      | location
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------+---------------+-----------
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
(2 行记录)

外连接有三种：左外连接，右外连接，全外连接。

mydb=# SELECT *
mydb-#     FROM weather LEFT OUTER JOIN cities ON (weather.city = cities.name);
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date    |     name      | location
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------+---------------+-----------
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 Hayward       |      37 |      54 |      | 1994-11-29 |               |
(3 行记录)


mydb=# select * from weather right outer join cities on(weather.city=cities.name);
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date    |     name      | location
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------+---------------+-----------
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
               |         |         |      |            | London        | (0,51)
(3 行记录)


mydb=# select * from weather full outer join cities on(weather.city=cities.name);
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date    |     name      | location
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------+---------------+-----------
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 Hayward       |      37 |      54 |      | 1994-11-29 |               |
               |         |         |      |            | London        | (0,51)
(4 行记录)

表交叉连接：

mydb=# SELECT *
mydb-#     FROM weather, cities;
     city      | temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp |    date    |     name      | location
---------------+---------+---------+------+------------+---------------+-----------
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      46 |      50 | 0.25 | 1994-11-27 | London        | (0,51)
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 San Francisco |      43 |      57 |    0 | 1994-11-29 | London        | (0,51)
 Hayward       |      37 |      54 |      | 1994-11-29 | San Francisco | (-194,53)
 Hayward       |      37 |      54 |      | 1994-11-29 | London        | (0,51)
(6 行记录)

表自连接：

mydb=# SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo AS low, W1.temp_hi AS high,
mydb-#     W2.city, W2.temp_lo AS low, W2.temp_hi AS high
mydb-#     FROM weather W1, weather W2
mydb-#     WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo
mydb-#     AND W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi;
     city      | low | high |     city      | low | high
---------------+-----+------+---------------+-----+------
 San Francisco |  43 |   57 | San Francisco |  46 |   50
 Hayward       |  37 |   54 | San Francisco |  46 |   50
(2 行记录)

 

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