第2条：遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑使用构建器

重叠构造器模式

// Telescoping constructor pattern
public class NutritionFacts {
    private final int servingSize;  // (mL)            required
    private final int servings;     // (per container) required
    private final int calories;     // (per serving)   optional
    private final int fat;          // (g/serving)     optional
    private final int sodium;       // (mg/serving)    optional
    private final int carbohydrate; // (g/serving)     optional

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
        this(servingSize, servings, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
                          int calories) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
                          int calories, int fat) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
                          int calories, int fat, int sodium) {
        this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
    }

    public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
                          int calories, int fat, int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
        this.servingSize = servingSize;
        this.servings = servings;
        this.calories = calories;
        this.fat = fat;
        this.sodium = sodium;
        this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts cocaCola =
                new NutritionFacts(240, 8, 100, 0, 35, 27);
    }

}

重叠构造器的弊端

• 有许多参数时，客户端代码很难编写，并且较难阅读。

JavaBeans模式

// JavaBeans Pattern - allows inconsistency, mandates mutability 
public class NutritionFacts {
    // Parameters initialized to default values (if any)
    private int servingSize  = -1; // Required; no default value
    private int servings     = -1; // Required; no default value
    private int calories     = 0;
    private int fat          = 0;
    private int sodium       = 0;
    private int carbohydrate = 0;

    public NutritionFacts() { }
    // Setters
    public void setServingSize(int val) { 
    	servingSize = val; 
    }
    public void setServings(int val) { 
    	servings = val; 
    }
    public void setCalories(int val) { 
    	calories = val; 
    }
    public void setFat(int val) { 
    	fat = val; 
    }
    public void setSodium(int val) {
    	sodium = val; 
    }
    public void setCarbohydrate(int val) { 
    	carbohydrate = val;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts();
        cocaCola.setServingSize(240);
        cocaCola.setServings(8);
        cocaCola.setCalories(100);
        cocaCola.setSodium(35);
        cocaCola.setCarbohydrate(27);
    }
}

JavaBeans模式的弊端

• 在构造过程中，JavaBeans模式可能处于不一致的状态。
• JavaBeans模式使得把类做成不可变的可能性不复存在。

Builder模式

public class NutritionFacts {
    private final int servingSize;
    private final int servings;
    private final int calories;
    private final int fat;
    private final int sodium;
    private final int carbohydrate;

    public static class Builder {
        // Required parameters
        private final int servingSize;
        private final int servings;

        // Optional parameters - initialized to default values
        private int calories      = 0;
        private int fat           = 0;
        private int sodium        = 0;
        private int carbohydrate  = 0;

        public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
            this.servingSize = servingSize;
            this.servings    = servings;
        }

        public Builder calories(int val) { 
        	calories = val;      
        	return this;
        }
        public Builder fat(int val) { 
        	fat = val;           
        	return this;
        }
        public Builder sodium(int val) { 
        	sodium = val;        
        	return this;
        }
        public Builder carbohydrate(int val) { 
        	carbohydrate = val;  
        	return this; 
        }
        public NutritionFacts build() {
            return new NutritionFacts(this);
        }
    }

    private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
        servingSize  = builder.servingSize;
        servings     = builder.servings;
        calories     = builder.calories;
        fat          = builder.fat;
        sodium       = builder.sodium;
        carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240, 8)
                .calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();
    }
}

Builder模式的优势

• 代码容易编写，易于阅读。
• Builder模式模拟了具名的可选参数。
• Builder模式也适用于类层次模式。

Pizza class

import java.util.*;

// Builder pattern for class hierarchies

// Note that the underlying "simulated self-type" idiom  allows for arbitrary fluid hierarchies, not just builders

public abstract class Pizza {
    public enum Topping {HAM, MUSHROOM, ONION, PEPPER, SAUSAGE}

    final Set<Topping> toppings;

    abstract static class Builder<T extends Builder<T>> {
        EnumSet<Topping> toppings = EnumSet.noneOf(Topping.class);

        public T addTopping(Topping topping) {
            toppings.add(Objects.requireNonNull(topping));
            return self();
        }

        abstract Pizza build();

        // Subclasses must override this method to return "this"
        protected abstract T self();
    }

    Pizza(Builder<?> builder) {
        toppings = builder.toppings.clone(); // See Item 50
    }
}

NyPizza class

import java.util.Objects;

// Subclass with hierarchical builder 
public class NyPizza extends Pizza {
    public enum Size {SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE}

    private final Size size;

    public static class Builder extends Pizza.Builder<Builder> {
        private final Size size;

        public Builder(Size size) {
            this.size = Objects.requireNonNull(size);
        }

        @Override
        public NyPizza build() {
            return new NyPizza(this);
        }

        @Override
        protected Builder self() {
            return this;
        }
    }

    private NyPizza(Builder builder) {
        super(builder);
        size = builder.size;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "New York Pizza with " + toppings;
    }
}

Calzone class

// Subclass with hierarchical builder 
public class Calzone extends Pizza {
    private final boolean sauceInside;

    public static class Builder extends Pizza.Builder<Builder> {
        private boolean sauceInside = false; // Default

        public Builder sauceInside() {
            sauceInside = true;
            return this;
        }

        @Override
        public Calzone build() {
            return new Calzone(this);
        }

        @Override
        protected Builder self() {
            return this;
        }
    }

    private Calzone(Builder builder) {
        super(builder);
        sauceInside = builder.sauceInside;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format("Calzone with %s and sauce on the %s",
                toppings, sauceInside ? "inside" : "outside");
    }
}

PizzaTest class

// Using the hierarchical builder (Page 16)
public class PizzaTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        NyPizza pizza = new NyPizza.Builder(SMALL)
                .addTopping(SAUSAGE).addTopping(ONION).build();
        Calzone calzone = new Calzone.Builder()
                .addTopping(HAM).sauceInside().build();

        System.out.println(pizza);
        System.out.println(calzone);
    }
}

与构造器相比

• 它可以有多个可变参数
• 可以利用单个builder构建多个对象。

Builder模式的弊端

• 对了创建对象，必须先创建它的构建器。具有性能开销。
• 比重叠构造器模式更加冗长。

简而言之，如果累的构造器或者静态工厂中具有多个参数（4个或以上），设计这种类时，Builder模式是一种不错的选择。