02 二分法迭代求零点

感谢Python与机器学习算法频道。
接着来学二分法迭代求零点。

01

对于区间$[a,b]$上单调连续函数$y=f(x）$，若$f(a)\times f(b)<0$,通过不断地把函数 $f(x)$的零点所在区间一分为二，使区间的两个端点逐步逼近零点（一个解），进而得到零点近似值的方法叫二分法。

02

这种方法的局限性：如上，二分求解，给定的初始区间$[a,b]$，必须满足$f(a)\times f(b)<0$，并且这种方法只能找到一个单根。

二分求解最重要是的找出缩小区间的条件。

二分区间$[a,b]$,得到区间的中间点$mid=a+(b-a)/2.0$;

• 如果$f（mid）\cdot f（b）<0$，则可以缩小区间，$a=mid$;
• 如果 $f（a）\cdot f（mid）<0$，则可以缩小区间，$b=mid$
• 如果$f(mid)<threshold$，则认为 mid 就是方程的根；

3 Python实现

def biSection(a,b,threshold,f):
    iter=0
    while a<b:
        mid = a + abs(b-a)/2.0
        if abs(f(mid)) < threshold:
            return mid
        if f(mid)*f(b) < 0:
            a = mid
        if f(a)*f(mid) < 0:
            b=mid
        iter+=1
        print(str(iter)+ " a= "+str(a)+ ", b= "+str(b))
s = biSection(5, 50,1e-10, lambda x: x*x-11*x+10 )
print("solve= "+str(s))

$f(x)=x\ast x-11\ast x+10,a=5,b=50,threshold=1e-10$，这个方程的解： 1，10，因此在（5，50）的解为10；
结果为：

1 a= 5, b= 27.5
2 a= 5, b= 16.25
3 a= 5, b= 10.625
4 a= 7.8125, b= 10.625
5 a= 9.21875, b= 10.625
6 a= 9.921875, b= 10.625
7 a= 9.921875, b= 10.2734375
8 a= 9.921875, b= 10.09765625
9 a= 9.921875, b= 10.009765625
10 a= 9.9658203125, b= 10.009765625
11 a= 9.98779296875, b= 10.009765625
12 a= 9.998779296875, b= 10.009765625
13 a= 9.998779296875, b= 10.0042724609375
14 a= 9.998779296875, b= 10.00152587890625
15 a= 9.998779296875, b= 10.000152587890625
16 a= 9.999465942382812, b= 10.000152587890625
17 a= 9.999809265136719, b= 10.000152587890625
18 a= 9.999980926513672, b= 10.000152587890625
19 a= 9.999980926513672, b= 10.000066757202148
20 a= 9.999980926513672, b= 10.00002384185791
21 a= 9.999980926513672, b= 10.000002384185791
22 a= 9.999991655349731, b= 10.000002384185791
23 a= 9.999997019767761, b= 10.000002384185791
24 a= 9.999999701976776, b= 10.000002384185791
25 a= 9.999999701976776, b= 10.000001043081284
26 a= 9.999999701976776, b= 10.00000037252903
27 a= 9.999999701976776, b= 10.000000037252903
28 a= 9.99999986961484, b= 10.000000037252903
29 a= 9.999999953433871, b= 10.000000037252903
30 a= 9.999999995343387, b= 10.000000037252903
31 a= 9.999999995343387, b= 10.000000016298145
32 a= 9.999999995343387, b= 10.000000005820766
33 a= 9.999999995343387, b= 10.000000000582077
34 a= 9.999999997962732, b= 10.000000000582077
35 a= 9.999999999272404, b= 10.000000000582077
36 a= 9.99999999992724, b= 10.000000000582077
37 a= 9.99999999992724, b= 10.000000000254659
38 a= 9.99999999992724, b= 10.00000000009095
solve= 10.000000000009095