学习C++时,看到书上有建议析构函数函数设置为虚函数,一直不理解,现在我们写代码验证下这一建议。
先看下不带virtual 的析构函数
using namespace std;
class TBase {
public:
TBase() {}
~TBase() {
cout << "Base Destructor" << endl;
}
void show() {
cout << "base show" << endl;
}
};
class TDerived : public TBase {
public:
TDerived() {}
~TDerived() {
cout << "Derived Destructor" << endl;
}
void show() {
cout << "derived show" << endl;
}
};
分别使用基类对象,基类指针,派生类对象,派生类指针进行测试。
int main() {
{
TDerived tv;
TDerived *tp = new TDerived();
tv.show();
tp->show();
delete tp;
}
return 0;
}
// output
derived show
derived show
Derived Destructor
Base Destructor
Derived Destructor
Base Destructor
int main() {
{
TBase bv;
TBase *bp = new TBase();
bv.show();
bp->show();
delete bp;
}
return 0;
}
// output
base show
base show
Base Destructor
Base Destructor
通过观察结果可以看到,对于派生类而言,如果基类虚构函数不是虚函数,那么派生类对象或派生类指针在程序结束或调用delete后,都会先调用派生类的析构函数再调用基类的析构函数。但是基类对象和基类指针都只会调用基类的析构函数。
我们再来看下如果析构函数是虚函数,结果会是怎样,测试函数如下:
class TBase {
public:
TBase() {}
virtual ~TBase() {
cout << "Base Destructor" << endl;
}
void show() {
cout << "base show" << endl;
}
};
class TDerived : public TBase {
public:
TDerived() {}
virtual ~TDerived() {
cout << "Derived Destructor" << endl;
}
void show() {
cout << "derived show" << endl;
}
};
测试main函数
int main() {
{
TDerived tv;
TDerived *tp = new TDerived();
tv.show();
tp->show();
delete tp;
}
}
// output
derived show
derived show
Derived Destructor
Base Destructor
Derived Destructor
Base Destructor
int main() {
{
TBase* bp = new TDerived;
delete bp;
}
return 0;
}
// output
Derived Destructor
Base Destructor
int main() {
{
TBase* bp = new TBase();
delete bp;
}
return 0;
}
// output
Base Destructor
观察上述结果可以得知,当使用基类指针操作派生类时,如果基类析构函数函数为虚函数,那么delete基类指针时会先调用派生类析构函数再调用基类析构函数。否则只会调用基类的析构函数,因此当该类为基类时需要将该类的析构函数定义为虚函数,代价就是会增加虚函数表,会增加程序运行时的内存消耗和处理时间。