变量替换

1. 变量替换并赋值
:= 变量已声明，但取值为空
= 变量未声明

username=""
echo ${username:=$LOGNAME}      # usr_ins
echo $username                  # usr_ins

unset username
echo ${username=$LOGNAME}       # usr_ins
echo $username                  # usr_ins

2. 变量替换(空变量)
:- 变量已声明，但取值为空
- 变量未声明

username=""   
echo ${username:-$LOGNAME}      # usr_ins
echo $username                  # NULL

unset username
echo ${username-$LOGNAME}       # usr_ins
echo $username                  # NULL

3. 变量检测

username=""  
echo ${username:?"Empty variable"}      # ksh: username: Empty variable

unset username
echo ${username?"Undefined variable"}   # ksh: username: Undefined variable

4. 变量替换(非空变量)

username="eli"            
echo ${username:+$LOGNAME}      # usr_ins
echo $username                  # eli

username=""              
echo ${username+$LOGNAME}       # usr_ins

unset username
echo ${username+$LOGNAME}       # NULL