csh(tcsh)

1. TC Shell Initialize
/etc/csh.cshrc /etc/csh.login
.cshrc

2. Prompt

# The primary prompt 
set prompt = "$LOGNAME > "

# The secondary prompt
?

3. Variable
# local variable
set name = "Tom"

# global variable
setenv ORACLE_SID ora11g

# read a line of input
set name = $<

4. arguments
echo $1 $2 $3
echo $*
echo $argv[1] $argv[2] $argv[3]
echo $argv[*]
echo $#argv    # the number of arguments

5. arithmetic
@ num = 4 + 6
@ num++

6. Manipulating Stack Directory
pushd: Push DIR to directory-stack, and cd to DIR
popd: Pop DIR from directory-stack, and cd to DIR
dirs -v: Display the numbered directory stack.

7. Redirect

command > file      # stdout
command >& file # stdout & stderr

command | command       # stdout
command |& command      # stdout & stderr

command >! file # override noclobber effects

ls -l > ls.txt
set noclobber
ls -l > ls.txt      # ls.txt: File exists.
ls -l >! ls.txt

8. Test variable whether is set

echo $?variable    # 0(false, not set), 1(true)

9. Arrays

set fruit = ( apples pears peaches plums )
echo $fruit            # apples pears peaches plums
echo ${fruit[1]}       # apples
echo $fruit[2-4]       # pears peaches plums
echo $fruit[*]         # apples pears peaches plums
echo $#fruit           # 4
echo $fruit[$#fruit]   # plums
set fruit[2] = bananas
echo $fruit            # apples bananas peaches plums
shift fruit
echo $fruit            # bananas peaches plums

10. Special Variables

$?var  Return 1 if variable has been set, 0 if not
$#var  Print the number of elements in an array
$$        Print the PID of current shell
$<     Accept a line of input user up to newline. set name = $<

11. Modifier
Modifier
Meaning
Example
Result
:r
Root
echo $pn:r /home/ellie/prog/check :h Head echo$pn:h
/home/ellie/prog
:t
Tail
echo $pn:t check.c :e Extension echo$pn:e
c
:g
Global
echo $p:gt

set pv = /home/ellie/prog/check.c
echo $pv:r # /home/ellie/prog/check echo$pv:h # /home/ellie/prog
echo $pv:t # check.c echo$pv:e # c

set pv = (/home/*)
echo $pv:gt

**12. Quoting**

Single-Quate: except history(bang) character(!)
Double-Quate: expect history(bang) character(!) and the dollar sign($)

:q is used to replace the double quates
set name = “Daniel Savage”
grep $name:q a.txt grep “$name” a.txt

:x prevents the shell from expanding wildcards
set things = “*.pl a.??? my[1-5]”
echo $things # check.pl a.txt echo “$things” # *.pl a.??? my[1-5]
set newthings = ( $things ) echo$#newthings # 2
set newthings1 = ( $things:x ) echo$#newthings1 # 3

history -T

**13. Completion**

To complete the command name, filename, variable name automatically.

set autolist

To ignore certain filename extensions while filename completion is in use.

set fignore = ( .o .gif )

Tab completion will ignore case

set complete = enhance
ls -l /bin/GAWK => /bin/gawk

Types of completion

p: postion-dependent p/1/: postion 1, the first argument

complete cd ‘p/1/d/’

set hosts = (10.137.5.95 10.186.22.150)
complete telnet ‘p/1/$hosts/’
telnet
10.137.5.95 10.186.22.150

**14. sched, a built-in command, to create a list of jobs that will be scheduled to run at some specific time.**

sched 16:00 echo ‘Time to start your lecture!’

**15. Case modifiers**
:u  Uppercase the first letter of a word
:l  Lowercase the first letter of a word
:a  Apply a modifier to an entire word

set name = ‘nicky’
echo $name:u Nicky echo$name:au
NICKY
set names = (‘nicky’ ‘mike’)
echo $names:u Nicky mike echo$names:gu
Nicky Mike
echo $names:gau
NICKY MIKE

**16. TC SHELL built-ins**
builtins

**17. Prevent the .cshrc or .tcshrc file from being read into your script, -f(fast)**
\#!/bin/csh -f

**18. setuid script**
\#!/bin/csh -feb
-f  fast start up, don't execute .cshrc
-e  abort immediately if interrupted
-b  this is a setuid script

chmod 4755 myscrit

**19. control statement**

if ( -e file ) then

endif

while ( $a <= 2 ) echo$a
@ a = $a - 1
end

foreach color (red blue green)
echo $color
end
“`