随风飘扬

Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Generations 1 1.2 Standards 3 1.3 Cellular Standards Organizations 3GPP and 3GPP2 3 1.4 IEEE Standards 6 1.5 Advanced Mobile Wireless Systems Based on FDMA 6 1.5.1 IEEE 802.16e-Based Mobile WiMAX 6 1.5.2 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband 8 1.5.3 3GPP Long Term Evolution 8 1.5.4 Summary and Comparison of Mobile WiMAX, LTE and UMB 10 1.6 Figures of Merit 11 1.7 Frequency Division Technology in Broadband Wireless Systems 12 References 13 2 Channel Characteristics and Frequency Multiplexing 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Radio Channel Characteristics 15 2.2.1 Physics of Radio Transmission 16 2.2.2 Effects of Extraneous Signals 21 2.2.3 Transmitting and Receiving Equipment 23 2.2.4 Radio Propagation Models 24 2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 25 2.3.1 Signal Processing 26 2.3.2 Advantages and Weaknesses 29 vi Contents 2.4 Single Carrier Modulation with Frequency Domain Equalization 30 2.4.1 Frequency Domain Equalization 30 2.4.2 Comparison with OFDM 32 2.5 Summary 34 References 35 3 Single Carrier FDMA 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 SC-FDMA Signal Processing 38 3.3 Subcarrier Mapping 42 3.4 Time Domain Representation of SC-FDMA Signals 44 3.4.1 Time Domain Symbols of IFDMA 45 3.4.2 Time Domain Symbols of LFDMA 47 3.4.3 Time Domain Symbols of DFDMA 48 3.4.4 Comparison of Subcarrier Mapping Schemes 48 3.5 SC-FDMA and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 50 3.6 SC-FDMA and CDMA with Frequency Domain Equalization 53 3.7 Single Carrier Code-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-CFDMA) 55 3.8 Summary 57 References 59 4 SC-FDMA in 3GPP Long Term Evolution 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.1.1 3GPP Technical Specifications 61 4.1.2 Contents of the Physical Layer Technical Specifications 62 4.2 Protocol Layers and Channels 63 4.3 Uplink Time and Frequency Structure 67 4.3.1 Frames and Slots 67 4.3.2 Resource Blocks 69 4.4 Basic Uplink Physical Channel Processing 71 4.5 Reference (Pilot) Signal Structure 76 4.6 Summary 77 References 78 4.7

Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 WCDMA technology and deployment status 1 1.2 HSPA standardization and deployment schedule 4 1.3 Radio capability evolution with HSPA 6 2 HSPA standardization and background 9 Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-Aho 2.1 3GPP 9 2.1.1 HSDPA standardization in 3GPP 11 2.1.2 HSUPA standardization in 3GPP 12 2.1.3 Further development of HSUPA and HSDPA 14 2.1.4 Beyond HSDPA and HSUPA 16 2.2 References 18 3 HSPA architecture and protocols 21 Antti Toskala and Juho Pirskanen 3.1 Radio resource management architecture 21 3.1.1 HSDPA and HSUPA user plane protocol architecture 22 3.1.2 Impact of HSDPA and HSUPA on UTRAN interfaces 25 3.1.3 Protocol states with HSDPA and HSUPA 29 3.2 References 30 4 HSDPA principles 31 Juho Pirskanen and Antti Toskala 4.1 HSDPA vs Release 99 DCH 31 4.2 Key technologies with HSDPA 33 4.2.1 High-speed downlink shared channel 35 4.2.2 High-speed shared control channel 40 4.3 High-speed dedicated physical control channel 42 4.3.1 Fractional DPCH 45 4.3.2 HS-DSCH link adaptation 47 4.3.3 Mobility 50 4.4 BTS measurements for HSDPA operation 53 4.5 Terminal capabilities 54 4.5.1 L1 and RLC throughputs 55 4.5.2 Iub parameters 56 4.6 HSDPA MAC layer operation 57 4.7 References 60 5 HSUPA principles 61 Karri Ranta-Aho and Antti Toskala 5.1 HSUPA vs Release 99 DCH 61 5.2 Key technologies with HSUPA 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Fast L1 HARQ for HSUPA 64 5.2.3 Scheduling for HSUPA 64 5.3 E-DCH transport channel and physical channels 66 5.3.1 Introduction 66 5.3.2 E-DCH transport channel processing 66 5.3.3 E-DCH dedicated physical data channel 68 5.3.4 E-DCH dedicated physical control channel 70 5.3.5 E-DCH HARQ indicator channel 72 5.3.6 E-DCH relative grant channel 73 5.3.7 E-DCH absolute grant channel 75 5.3.8 Motivation and impact of two TTI lengths 76 5.4 Physical layer procedures 77 5.4.1 HARQ 77 5.4.2 HARQ and soft handover 79 5.4.3 Measurements