MongoDB基本用法

MongoDB是面向文档的数据库。和关系型数据库不同的是它能非常方便的扩展字段。而且对于文件类型的内容有非常好的可塑性。如制作游戏的时候，我们对于一个role的数据结构的定义，可能不是从一开始就能固化好。策划可能对运营上线的游戏玩法的修改、增删可能会引起对于存储的字段有影响。如果使用的技术是传统的MySQL中的表中的字段来存储role的数据，将会需要开发者编写数据库变更的SQL语句，并且通知运维人员同步到全部服务器。这个过程可能需要还需要去编写检查脚本以防止在生产环境中可能未能将更新在全部服务器中执行完，而造成部分服务器的数据回档。如果使用MongoDB中的文档数据结构，就会比较方便了。MongoDB中的文档基本上是一个类似json语法的描述，存储到文件中的时候是使用的bson格式。

增删改查

mongo shell简单的用法

在mongo命令行也类似于mysql的命令行。他是使用js编写的。所以在这个命令行中能直接解析执行javascript的语法。

$ mongo
MongoDB shell version: 2.6.11
connecting to: test
> show dbs                     -- 查看本地全部数据库
admin      (empty)
local      0.078GB
> db                           -- 查看在使用的数据库
test
> use local                    -- 切换数据库
switched to db local
> show collections             -- 查看这个db里面的全部表

增

在test里面我们添加一条blog信息

> use local
switched to db local
> use test
switched to db test
> post = {"title":"LOL",
... "content":"league of legends is one of my favorite games.",
... "date":new Date()}
{
    "title" : "LOL",
    "content" : "league of legends is one of my favorite games.",
    "date" : ISODate("2016-05-20T23:28:38.391Z")
}
> db.blog.insert(post)
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

查

> db.blog.findOne()
{
    "_id" : ObjectId("573f9e01e00e5fff255950f2"),
    "title" : "LOL",
    "content" : "league of legends is one of my favorite games.",
    "date" : ISODate("2016-05-20T23:28:38.391Z")
}

改

> post.comments = []
[ ]
> db.blog.update({title:"LOL"},post)
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
{
    "_id" : ObjectId("573f9e01e00e5fff255950f2"),
    "title" : "LOL",
    "content" : "league of legends is one of my favorite games.",
    "date" : ISODate("2016-05-20T23:28:38.391Z"),
    "comments" : [ ]
}

删

> db.blog.remove({title:"LOL"},post)
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })
> db.blog.findOne()
null

数据结构介绍

类型	说明
null	null用于表示空值或者不存在的字段。 {“x”:null}
布尔	布尔类型有两个值’true’和’false1’. {“X”:true}
数值	64位浮点数。或者是{“x”:NumberInt(“3”)}{“x”:NumberLong(“3”)}
字符串	UTF-8字符串都可表示为字符串类型的数据： {“x” : “foobar”}
日期	日期类型存储的是从标准纪元开始的毫秒数。不存储时区： {“X” ： new Date()}
正则表达式	文档中可以包含正则表达式，采用JavaScript的正则表达式语法: {“x” ： /foobar/i}
代码	文档中还可以包含JavaScript代码：{“x” ： function() { /* …… */ }}

导出/导入MongoDB

mongodump --help
Export MongoDB data to BSON files.

Options:
  --help                                produce help message
  -v [ --verbose ]                      be more verbose (include multiple times
                                        for more verbosity e.g. -vvvvv)
  --quiet                               silence all non error diagnostic 
                                        messages
  --version                             print the program's version and exit
  -h [ --host ] arg                     mongo host to connect to ( <set 
                                        name>/s1,s2 for sets)
  --port arg                            server port. Can also use --host 
                                        hostname:port
  --ipv6                                enable IPv6 support (disabled by 
                                        default)
  --ssl                                 use SSL for all connections
  --sslCAFile arg                       Certificate Authority file for SSL
  --sslPEMKeyFile arg                   PEM certificate/key file for SSL
  --sslPEMKeyPassword arg               password for key in PEM file for SSL
  --sslCRLFile arg                      Certificate Revocation List file for 
                                        SSL
  --sslAllowInvalidHostnames            allow connections to servers with 
                                        non-matching hostnames
  --sslAllowInvalidCertificates         allow connections to servers with 
                                        invalid certificates
  --sslFIPSMode                         activate FIPS 140-2 mode at startup
  -u [ --username ] arg                 username
  -p [ --password ] arg                 password
  --authenticationDatabase arg          user source (defaults to dbname)
  --authenticationMechanism arg (=MONGODB-CR)
                                        authentication mechanism
  --gssapiServiceName arg (=mongodb)    Service name to use when authenticating
                                        using GSSAPI/Kerberos
  --gssapiHostName arg                  Remote host name to use for purpose of 
                                        GSSAPI/Kerberos authentication
  --dbpath arg                          directly access mongod database files 
                                        in the given path, instead of 
                                        connecting to a mongod  server - needs 
                                        to lock the data directory, so cannot 
                                        be used if a mongod is currently 
                                        accessing the same path
  --directoryperdb                      each db is in a separate directory 
                                        (relevant only if dbpath specified)
  --journal                             enable journaling (relevant only if 
                                        dbpath specified)
  -d [ --db ] arg                       database to use
  -c [ --collection ] arg               collection to use (some commands)
  -o [ --out ] arg (=dump)              output directory or "-" for stdout
  -q [ --query ] arg                    json query
  --oplog                               Use oplog for point-in-time 
                                        snapshotting
  --repair                              try to recover a crashed database
  --forceTableScan                      force a table scan (do not use 
                                        $snapshot)
  --dumpDbUsersAndRoles                 Dump user and role definitions for the 
                                        given database

mongodump -d test -o ./test.bson

$ mongodump -d test -o ./test
connected to: 127.0.0.1
2016-05-21T09:31:34.643+0800 DATABASE: test  to     ./test/test
2016-05-21T09:31:34.644+0800    test.system.indexes to ./test/test/system.indexes.bson
2016-05-21T09:31:34.644+0800         1 documents
2016-05-21T09:31:34.644+0800    test.blog to ./test/test/blog.bson
2016-05-21T09:31:34.645+0800         1 documents
2016-05-21T09:31:34.645+0800    Metadata for test.blog to ./test/test/blog.metadata.json

$ tree ./test
./test
└── test
    ├── blog.bson
    ├── blog.metadata.json
    └── system.indexes.bson


1 directory, 3 files

$ mongorestore --help
Import BSON files into MongoDB.

usage: mongorestore [options] [directory or filename to restore from]
Options:
  --help                                produce help message
  -v [ --verbose ]                      be more verbose (include multiple times
                                        for more verbosity e.g. -vvvvv)
  --quiet                               silence all non error diagnostic 
                                        messages
  --version                             print the program's version and exit
  -h [ --host ] arg                     mongo host to connect to ( <set 
                                        name>/s1,s2 for sets)
  --port arg                            server port. Can also use --host 
                                        hostname:port
  --ipv6                                enable IPv6 support (disabled by 
                                        default)
  --ssl                                 use SSL for all connections
  --sslCAFile arg                       Certificate Authority file for SSL
  --sslPEMKeyFile arg                   PEM certificate/key file for SSL
  --sslPEMKeyPassword arg               password for key in PEM file for SSL
  --sslCRLFile arg                      Certificate Revocation List file for 
                                        SSL
  --sslAllowInvalidHostnames            allow connections to servers with 
                                        non-matching hostnames
  --sslAllowInvalidCertificates         allow connections to servers with 
                                        invalid certificates
  --sslFIPSMode                         activate FIPS 140-2 mode at startup
  -u [ --username ] arg                 username
  -p [ --password ] arg                 password
  --authenticationDatabase arg          user source (defaults to dbname)
  --authenticationMechanism arg (=MONGODB-CR)
                                        authentication mechanism
  --gssapiServiceName arg (=mongodb)    Service name to use when authenticating
                                        using GSSAPI/Kerberos
  --gssapiHostName arg                  Remote host name to use for purpose of 
                                        GSSAPI/Kerberos authentication
  --dbpath arg                          directly access mongod database files 
                                        in the given path, instead of 
                                        connecting to a mongod  server - needs 
                                        to lock the data directory, so cannot 
                                        be used if a mongod is currently 
                                        accessing the same path
  --directoryperdb                      each db is in a separate directory 
                                        (relevant only if dbpath specified)
  --journal                             enable journaling (relevant only if 
                                        dbpath specified)
  -d [ --db ] arg                       database to use
  -c [ --collection ] arg               collection to use (some commands)
  --objcheck                            validate object before inserting 
                                        (default)
  --noobjcheck                          don't validate object before inserting
  --filter arg                          filter to apply before inserting
  --drop                                drop each collection before import
  --oplogReplay                         replay oplog for point-in-time restore
  --oplogLimit arg                      include oplog entries before the 
                                        provided Timestamp (seconds[:ordinal]) 
                                        during the oplog replay; the ordinal 
                                        value is optional
  --keepIndexVersion                    don't upgrade indexes to newest version
  --noOptionsRestore                    don't restore collection options
  --noIndexRestore                      don't restore indexes
  --restoreDbUsersAndRoles              Restore user and role definitions for 
                                        the given database
  --w arg (=0)                          minimum number of replicas per write


$ mongorestore -db test_duplicate ./test/test/
connected to: 127.0.0.1
2016-05-21T09:33:02.967+0800 ./test/test/blog.bson
2016-05-21T09:33:02.967+0800    going into namespace [test_duplicate.blog]
Restoring to test_duplicate.blog without dropping. Restored data will be inserted without raising errors; check your server log
1 objects found
2016-05-21T09:33:02.967+0800    Creating index: { key: { _id: 1 }, name: "_id_", ns: "test_duplicate.blog" }

$ mongo
MongoDB shell version: 2.6.11
connecting to: test
> use test_duplicate
switched to db test_duplicate
> db.blog.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("573fba64a1fc07b6731428f8"), "title" : "LOL", "content" : "league of legends is one of my favorite games.", "date" : ISODate("2016-05-21T01:30:55.673Z") }