id 型别 Objective-C 有种叫做 id 的型别,它的运作有时候像是 void*,不过它却严格规定只能用在对象。Objective-C 与 Java 跟 C++ 不一样,你在呼叫一个对象的 method 时,并不需要知道这个对象的型别。当然这个 method 一定要存在,这称为 Objective-C 的讯息传递。 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。 Fraction.h #import <Foundation/NSObject.h> @interface Fraction: NSObject { int numerator; int denominator; } -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d; -(void) print; -(void) setNumerator: (int) d; -(void) setDenominator: (int) d; -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d; -(int) numerator; -(int) denominator; @end Fraction.m #import "Fraction.h" #import <stdio.h> @implementation Fraction -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) { self = [super init]; if ( self ) { [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d]; } return self; } -(void) print { printf( "%i / %i", numerator, denominator ); } -(void) setNumerator: (int) n { numerator = n; } -(void) setDenominator: (int) d { denominator = d; } -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d { numerator = n; denominator = d; } -(int) denominator { return denominator; } -(int) numerator { return numerator; } @end Complex.h #import <Foundation/NSObject.h> @interface Complex: NSObject { double real; double imaginary; } -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i; -(void) setReal: (double) r; -(void) setImaginary: (double) i; -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i; -(double) real; -(double) imaginary; -(void) print; @end Complex.m #import "Complex.h" #import <stdio.h> @implementation Complex -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i { self = [super init]; if ( self ) { [self setReal: r andImaginary: i]; } return self; } -(void) setReal: (double) r { real = r; } -(void) setImaginary: (double) i { imaginary = i; } -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i { real = r; imaginary = i; } -(double) real { return real; } -(double) imaginary { return imaginary; } -(void) print { printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary ); } @end main.m #import <stdio.h> #import "Fraction.h" #import "Complex.h" int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) { // create a new instance Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 10]; Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 10 andImaginary: 15]; id number; // print fraction number = frac; printf( "The fraction is: " ); [number print]; printf( "/n" ); // print complex number = comp; printf( "The complex number is: " ); [number print]; printf( "/n" ); // free memory [frac release]; [comp release]; return 0; } output The fraction is: 1 / 10 The complex number is: 10.000000 + 15.000000i 这种动态链接有显而易见的好处。你不需要知道你呼叫 method 的那个东西是什么型别,如果这个对象对这个讯息有反应,那就会唤起这个 method。这也不会牵涉到一堆繁琐的转型动作,比如在 Java 里呼叫一个整数对象的 .intValue() 就得先转型,然后才能呼叫这个 method