Protocol

Objective-C 里的 Protocol 与 Java 的 interface 或是 C++ 的 purely virtual class 相同。 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例，并经过允许而刊载。 //Printing.h @protocol Printing -(void) print; @end //Fraction.h #import <Foundation/NSObject.h> #import "Printing.h" @interface Fraction: NSObject <Printing, NSCopying> { int numerator; int denominator; } -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d; -(void) setNumerator: (int) d; -(void) setDenominator: (int) d; -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d; -(int) numerator; -(int) denominator; @end //Fraction.m #import "Fraction.h" #import <stdio.h> @implementation Fraction -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d { self = [super init]; if ( self ) { [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d]; } return self; } -(void) print { printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator ); } -(void) setNumerator: (int) n { numerator = n; } -(void) setDenominator: (int) d { denominator = d; } -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d { numerator = n; denominator = d; } -(int) denominator { return denominator; } -(int) numerator { return numerator; } -(Fraction*) copyWithZone: (NSZone*) zone { return [[Fraction allocWithZone: zone] initWithNumerator: numerator denominator: denominator]; } @end //Complex.h #import <Foundation/NSObject.h> #import "Printing.h" @interface Complex: NSObject <Printing> { double real; double imaginary; } -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i; -(void) setReal: (double) r; -(void) setImaginary: (double) i; -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i; -(double) real; -(double) imaginary; @end //Complex.m #import "Complex.h" #import <stdio.h> @implementation Complex -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i { self = [super init]; if ( self ) { [self setReal: r andImaginary: i]; } return self; } -(void) setReal: (double) r { real = r; } -(void) setImaginary: (double) i { imaginary = i; } -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i { real = r; imaginary = i; } -(double) real { return real; } -(double) imaginary { return imaginary; } -(void) print { printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary ); } @end // main.m #import <stdio.h> #import "Fraction.h" #import "Complex.h" int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) { // create a new instance Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10]; Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 5 andImaginary: 15]; id <Printing> printable; id <NSCopying, Printing> copyPrintable; // print it printable = frac; printf( "The fraction is: " ); [printable print]; printf( "/n" ); // print complex printable = comp; printf( "The complex number is: " ); [printable print]; printf( "/n" ); // this compiles because Fraction comforms to both Printing and NSCopyable copyPrintable = frac; // this doesn't compile because Complex only conforms to Printing //copyPrintable = comp; // test conformance // true if ( [frac conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) { printf( "Fraction conforms to NSCopying/n" ); } // false if ( [comp conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) { printf( "Complex conforms to NSCopying/n" ); } // free memory [frac release]; [comp release]; return 0; } 

output

 The fraction is: 3/10

 The complex number is: 5.000000 + 15.000000i

Fraction conforms to NSCopying

 protocol 的宣告十分简单，基本上就是 @protocol ProtocolName (methods you must implement) @end。

 要遵从（conform）某个 protocol，将要遵从的 protocols 放在 <> 里面，并以逗点分隔。如：@interface SomeClass <Protocol1, Protocol2, Protocol3>

 protocol 要求实作的 methods 不需要放在 header 档里面的 methods 列表中。如你所见，Complex.h 档案里没有 -(void) print 的宣告，却还是要实作它，因为它（Complex class）遵从了这个 protocol。

 Objective-C 的接口系统有一个独一无二的观念是如何指定一个型别。比起 C++ 或 Java 的指定方式，如：Printing *someVar = ( Printing * ) frac; 你可以使用 id 型别加上 protocol：id <Printing> var = frac;。这让你可以动

态地指定一个要求多个 protocol 的型别，却从头到尾只用了一个变数。如：<Printing, NSCopying> var = frac;

 就像使用@selector 来测试对象的继承关系，你可以使用 @protocol 来测试对象是否遵从接口。如果对象遵从这个接口，[object conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )] 会回传一个 YES 型态的 BOOL 对象。同样地，对 class 而言也能如法炮制 [SomeClass conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )]。