OM_STDIO

> &> >& >> < <>    ,标准输入、输出、错误输出
 
①标准输入、输出、错误输出的使用方式
 输入0： <    (或<< 追加输入)    /dev/stdin
 输出1： >    (或>> 追加输出)    /dev/stdout
 错误输出2： 2>    (或2>>)    /dev/stderr    

②重定向
&>	stdout and the stderr,标准输出和错误输出一起输出
>&	redirects stdout of command to stderr,将标准输出重定向到错误输出
cmd &> file 等同于 cmd  > file 2>&1     （cmd  > file 1>&2  等同于cmd ）
find /usr/home -name .profile 2>&1 | more


③重定义文件标识符，exec
    重新定义文件标识符可以用i>&j命令，表示把文件标识符i重新定向到j，可以把"&"理解为"取地址"
    #exec 5>&1 文件标识符5重定向到标准输出
    #exec 3<>filename           把文件filename打开，并指定文件标识符为3
    #exec 3>&-	          关闭文件标识符3
命令j<>filename表示把文件打开，并指明文件标识符为j 
"&-"表示关闭文件标识符
n<&- 关闭输入文件标识符n
0<&-或<&- 关闭标准输入stdin
n>&- 关闭输出文件标识符n
1>&-或>&-关闭标准输出stdou

exec < filename 重定向输入为一个文件，而不是从标准输入（键盘等）。用于操作文件。

#!/bin/bash
# Redirecting stdin using 'exec'.


exec 6<&0          # Link file descriptor #6 with stdin.
                   # Saves stdin.

exec < data-file   # stdin replaced by file "data-file"

read a1            # Reads first line of file "data-file".
read a2            # Reads second line of file "data-file."

echo
echo "Following lines read from file."
echo "-------------------------------"
echo $a1
echo $a2

echo; echo; echo

exec 0<&6 6<&-
#  Now restore stdin from fd #6, where it had been saved,
#+ and close fd #6 ( 6<&- ) to free it for other processes to use.
#
# <&6 6<&-    also works.

echo -n "Enter data  "
read b1  # Now "read" functions as expected, reading from normal stdin.
echo "Input read from stdin."
echo "----------------------"
echo "b1 = $b1"

echo

exit 0
exec > filename 重定向输出到一个具体的文件，使得所有的输出都保存在文件中
 exec N > filename 影响着整个或者当前的脚本
 exec > filename 影响着新创建的脚本
#!/bin/bash
# reassign-stdout.sh

LOGFILE=logfile.txt

exec 6>&1           # Link file descriptor #6 with stdout.
                    # Saves stdout.

exec > $LOGFILE     # stdout replaced with file "logfile.txt".

# ----------------------------------------------------------- #
# All output from commands in this block sent to file $LOGFILE.

echo -n "Logfile: "
date
echo "-------------------------------------"
echo

echo "Output of \"ls -al\" command"
echo
ls -al
echo; echo
echo "Output of \"df\" command"
echo
df

# ----------------------------------------------------------- #

exec 1>&6 6>&-      # Restore stdout and close file descriptor #6.

echo
echo "== stdout now restored to default == "
echo
ls -al
echo

exit 0 
 
同时重定向输入和输出
#!/bin/bash
# upperconv.sh
# Converts a specified input file to uppercase.

E_FILE_ACCESS=70
E_WRONG_ARGS=71

if [ ! -r "$1" ]     # Is specified input file readable?
then
  echo "Can't read from input file!"
  echo "Usage: $0 input-file output-file"
  exit $E_FILE_ACCESS
fi                   #  Will exit with same error
                     #+ even if input file ($1) not specified (why?).

if [ -z "$2" ]
then
  echo "Need to specify output file."
  echo "Usage: $0 input-file output-file"
  exit $E_WRONG_ARGS
fi


exec 4<&0
exec < $1            # Will read from input file.

exec 7>&1
exec > $2            # Will write to output file.
                     # Assumes output file writable (add check?).

# -----------------------------------------------
    cat - | tr a-z A-Z   # Uppercase conversion.
#   ^^^^^                # Reads from stdin.
#           ^^^^^^^^^^   # Writes to stdout.
# However, both stdin and stdout were redirected.
# Note that the 'cat' can be omitted.
# -----------------------------------------------

exec 1>&7 7>&-       # Restore stout.
exec 0<&4 4<&-       # Restore stdin.

# After restoration, the following line prints to stdout as expected.
echo "File \"$1\" written to \"$2\" as uppercase conversion."

exit 0