TypeScript已有泛型，接口，类型功能

1：Omit<T, K>​ 类型让我们可以从另一个对象类型中剔除某些属性，并创建一个新的对象类型：
泛型类型声明：type Omit<T, K extends keyof any> = Pick<T, Exclude<keyof T, K>>;

type User = {
	id: string;
	name: string;
	email: string;
};
type UserWithoutEmail = Omit<User, "email">;
// 等价于:
type UserWithoutEmail = {
	id: string;
	name: string;
};

2：Pick<T, K>​ 帮助类型是一个映射类型，它用了 ​keyof​ 操作符和一个索引类型 ​T[P]​ 来获取类型对象类型 ​T​ 中的属性 ​P​ 。

type Pick<T, K extends keyof T> = {
    [P in K]: T[P];
};

type User = {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  name2: string;
};

type Student = "name" | "id";


const other: Pick<User, Student> = {
  id: '111',
  name: '111'
}

// 原始类型

interface TState {
	name: string;
	age: number;
	like: string[];
}

// 如果我只想要name和age怎么办，最粗暴的就是直接再定义一个（我之前就是这么搞得）

interface TSingleState {
	name: string;
	age: number;
}

// 这样的弊端是什么？就是在Tstate发生改变的时候，TSingleState并不会跟着一起改变，所以应该这么写

interface TSingleState extends Pick<TState, "name" | "age"> {};

const person: TSingleState = {
  name: '',
  age: 1,
  // like: '',
}

const a: Pick<TState, “name” | “age”> = {
name: ‘’,
age: 1,
}

3：ReadonlyArray 用来约束一个对象的属性, 在对象刚创建时能赋值, 往后赋值均会报错， 在类中使用 readonly 只能在构造函数中赋初始值。

interface ReadonlyArray<T> {
    /**
     * Gets the length of the array. This is a number one higher than the highest element defined in an array.
     */
    readonly length: number;
    /**
     * Returns a string representation of an array.
     */
    toString(): string;
    /**
     * Returns a string representation of an array. The elements are converted to string using their toLocalString methods.
     */
    toLocaleString(): string;
    /**
     * Combines two or more arrays.
     * @param items Additional items to add to the end of array1.
     */
    concat(...items: ConcatArray<T>[]): T[];
    /**
     * Combines two or more arrays.
     * @param items Additional items to add to the end of array1.
     */
    concat(...items: (T | ConcatArray<T>)[]): T[];
    /**
     * Adds all the elements of an array separated by the specified separator string.
     * @param separator A string used to separate one element of an array from the next in the resulting String. If omitted, the array elements are separated with a comma.
     */
    join(separator?: string): string;
    /**
     * Returns a section of an array.
     * @param start The beginning of the specified portion of the array.
     * @param end The end of the specified portion of the array. This is exclusive of the element at the index 'end'.
     */
    slice(start?: number, end?: number): T[];
    /**
     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value in an array.
     * @param searchElement The value to locate in the array.
     * @param fromIndex The array index at which to begin the search. If fromIndex is omitted, the search starts at index 0.
     */
    indexOf(searchElement: T, fromIndex?: number): number;
    /**
     * Returns the index of the last occurrence of a specified value in an array.
     * @param searchElement The value to locate in the array.
     * @param fromIndex The array index at which to begin the search. If fromIndex is omitted, the search starts at the last index in the array.
     */
    lastIndexOf(searchElement: T, fromIndex?: number): number;
    /**
     * Determines whether all the members of an array satisfy the specified test.
     * @param predicate A function that accepts up to three arguments. The every method calls
     * the predicate function for each element in the array until the predicate returns a value
     * which is coercible to the Boolean value false, or until the end of the array.
     * @param thisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function.
     * If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    every<S extends T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => value is S, thisArg?: any): this is readonly S[];
    /**
     * Determines whether all the members of an array satisfy the specified test.
     * @param predicate A function that accepts up to three arguments. The every method calls
     * the predicate function for each element in the array until the predicate returns a value
     * which is coercible to the Boolean value false, or until the end of the array.
     * @param thisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function.
     * If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    every(predicate: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => unknown, thisArg?: any): boolean;
    /**
     * Determines whether the specified callback function returns true for any element of an array.
     * @param predicate A function that accepts up to three arguments. The some method calls
     * the predicate function for each element in the array until the predicate returns a value
     * which is coercible to the Boolean value true, or until the end of the array.
     * @param thisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function.
     * If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    some(predicate: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => unknown, thisArg?: any): boolean;
    /**
     * Performs the specified action for each element in an array.
     * @param callbackfn  A function that accepts up to three arguments. forEach calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param thisArg  An object to which the this keyword can refer in the callbackfn function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    forEach(callbackfn: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => void, thisArg?: any): void;
    /**
     * Calls a defined callback function on each element of an array, and returns an array that contains the results.
     * @param callbackfn A function that accepts up to three arguments. The map method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param thisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the callbackfn function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    map<U>(callbackfn: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => U, thisArg?: any): U[];
    /**
     * Returns the elements of an array that meet the condition specified in a callback function.
     * @param predicate A function that accepts up to three arguments. The filter method calls the predicate function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param thisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    filter<S extends T>(predicate: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => value is S, thisArg?: any): S[];
    /**
     * Returns the elements of an array that meet the condition specified in a callback function.
     * @param predicate A function that accepts up to three arguments. The filter method calls the predicate function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param thisArg An object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
     */
    filter(predicate: (value: T, index: number, array: readonly T[]) => unknown, thisArg?: any): T[];
    /**
     * Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
     * @param callbackfn A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduce method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param initialValue If initialValue is specified, it is used as the initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.
     */
    reduce(callbackfn: (previousValue: T, currentValue: T, currentIndex: number, array: readonly T[]) => T): T;
    reduce(callbackfn: (previousValue: T, currentValue: T, currentIndex: number, array: readonly T[]) => T, initialValue: T): T;
    /**
     * Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
     * @param callbackfn A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduce method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param initialValue If initialValue is specified, it is used as the initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.
     */
    reduce<U>(callbackfn: (previousValue: U, currentValue: T, currentIndex: number, array: readonly T[]) => U, initialValue: U): U;
    /**
     * Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array, in descending order. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
     * @param callbackfn A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduceRight method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param initialValue If initialValue is specified, it is used as the initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.
     */
    reduceRight(callbackfn: (previousValue: T, currentValue: T, currentIndex: number, array: readonly T[]) => T): T;
    reduceRight(callbackfn: (previousValue: T, currentValue: T, currentIndex: number, array: readonly T[]) => T, initialValue: T): T;
    /**
     * Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array, in descending order. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
     * @param callbackfn A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduceRight method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
     * @param initialValue If initialValue is specified, it is used as the initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.
     */
    reduceRight<U>(callbackfn: (previousValue: U, currentValue: T, currentIndex: number, array: readonly T[]) => U, initialValue: U): U;

    readonly [n: number]: T;
}