Use Tar Backup Linux System

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-07 18:00:28 发布

sztomarch

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-07 18:00:28 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/feiyu5323/article/details/108571432

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1. Backup System
2. Use Tar Backup Linux System
	2.1 本次备份在LiveCD环境下进行(20200911)
		2.1.1 系统环境状态概述
		2.1.2 tar -cpzvf /media/Sv/bk2020-09.tgz ./
		2.1.3 tar -xpzvf bk2020-09.tgz -C /mnt/sda6
	2.2 本次备份在arch系统环境下进行(20200912)
		2.2.1 系统环境状态概述
		2.2.2 tar cpzf /mnt/Sv/bk0912.tgz --exclude=/dev --exclude=/home --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/proc --exclude=/run --exclude=/sys --exclude=/tmp /
		2.2.3 tar xpzf bk0912.tgz -C /
	2.3 本次备份在LiveCD环境下进行(20200913)
		2.3.1 系统环境状态概述
		2.3.2 tar -cpzvf /media/Sv/bk0913x-pkg.tgz --exclude=./var/cache/pacman/pkg/* ./
		2.3.3 小结
3. pkglist

1. Backup System

几十年来，Window系统备份一直使用ghost。我不知道有没有其他替代品，但也没想过去找，因为这个ghost就足够好用了。
ghost不支持linux的常见文件系统。Linux系统的备份五花八门有很多种方式。比如使用dd完整备份系统
# dd if=/dev/sda6 | gzip > s6arch2020-08.img.gz
# gzip -dc s6arch2020-08.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sd??...
但存在如下问题。

速度慢，单纯的dd命令若使用bs=1M设定块大小，可以显著提高速度，但若使用gzip压缩，指定多大的块都没用。
若不使用gzip等压缩，就需要原始磁盘大小的空间存放备份文件。
只能还原到原始大小的盘。

Linux系统，一切皆文件，既然是文件，要备份，只需要复制即可。本文记录使用tar备份系统的过程。

2. Use Tar Backup Linux System

2.1 本次备份在LiveCD环境下进行(20200911)

2.1.1 系统环境状态概述

已安装桌面及基本工具chromium (SwitchyOmega) firefox qbittorrent vlc libreoffice ibus等，但xfce4还未清理，安装了全部。详见: Qqlist2020-08v09.xls

$ sudo pacman -Q |wc -l
591
$ sudo pacman -Qe |wc -l
113
$ neofetch
                   -`                    tom@tompc 
                  .o+`                   --------- 
                 `ooo/                   OS: Arch Linux x86_64 
                `+oooo:                  Host: F.20 
               `+oooooo:                 Kernel: 5.8.7-arch1-1 
               -+oooooo+:                Uptime: 42 mins 
             `/:-:++oooo+:               Packages: 591 (pacman) 
            `/++++/+++++++:              Shell: bash 5.0.18 
           `/++++++++++++++:             Resolution: 1280x800 
          `/+++ooooooooooooo/`           DE: Xfce 4.14 
         ./ooosssso++osssssso+`          WM: Xfwm4 
        .oossssso-````/ossssss+`         WM Theme: Default 
       -osssssso.      :ssssssso.        Theme: Adwaita [GTK2/3] 
      :osssssss/        osssso+++.       Icons: Adwaita [GTK2/3] 
     /ossssssss/        +ssssooo/-       Terminal: xfce4-terminal 
   `/ossssso+/:-        -:/+osssso+-     Terminal Font: Monospace 12 
  `+sso+:-`                 `.-/+oso:    CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo T8300 (2) @ 2.40 
 `++:.                           `-/+/   GPU: Intel Mobile GM965/GL960 
 .`                                 `/   Memory: 1060MiB / 7950MiB 
 # df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb6        30G  5.4G   24G  19% /media/mint/Sarch

2.1.2 tar -cpzvf /media/Sv/bk2020-09.tgz ./

# cd /media/Sarch
# tar -cpzvf /media/Sv/bk2020-09.tgz ./
$ du -sh bk2020-09.tgz
2.6G bk2020-09.tgz

# md5sum s6arch2020-09.tgz
7111af74b95718d1326dde7bebbfd8be s6arch2020-09.tgz
# shasum s6arch2020-09.tgz
58656fd0daa2c62978d8f3674c9d70b68a533ba5 s6arch2020-09.tgz

2.1.3 tar -xpzvf bk2020-09.tgz -C /mnt/sda6

# tar -xpzvf bk2020-09.tgz -C /mnt/sda6
(记得检查fstab, grub文件)

2.2 本次备份在arch系统环境下进行(20200912)

2.2.1 系统环境状态概述

在0911基础上，清理了xfce4不必要的桌面项目，
$ sudo pacman -Rsun parole xfburn xfce4-screenshooter orage iwd xfce4-cpufreq-plugin xfce4-mailwatch-plugin xfce4-notes-plugin xfce4-wavelan-plugin xfce4-weather-plugin
增加了vbox,gimp,等软件包...
$ sudo pacman -S usbutils smartmontools lostfiles dos2unix convmv fzf virtualbox (virtualbox-host-modules-arch) aria2 elinks links privoxy shadow..... hexchat gimp whois ltrace strace traceroute lsof
配置了桌面sensors等，但clamav还未更新启用...
$ uname -r
5.8.8-arch1-1

2.2.2 tar cpzf /mnt/Sv/bk0912.tgz --exclude=/dev --exclude=/home --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/proc --exclude=/run --exclude=/sys --exclude=/tmp /

$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda6        30G  8.7G   20G  31% /

$ sudo tar cpzf /mnt/Sv/bk0912.tgz --exclude=/dev --exclude=/home --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/proc --exclude=/run --exclude=/sys --exclude=/tmp /
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/' from hard link targets
tar: /etc/pacman.d/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra: socket ignored
tar: /etc/pacman.d/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.browser: socket ignored
tar: /etc/pacman.d/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.ssh: socket ignored
tar: /etc/pacman.d/gnupg/S.gpg-agent: socket ignored
tar: /: file changed as we read it

$ du -sh bk0912.tgz 
2.8G	bk0912.tgz

$ md5sum bk0912.tgz 
081cad8b846334042651fa5708c092f2  bk0912.tgz
$ shasum bk0912.tgz 
9fc5a682a0f87d7ab9f9b9810489e62f2ae68ed2  bk0912.tgz

2.2.3 tar xpzf bk0912.tgz -C /

$ sudo tar xpzf bk0912.tgz -C /
$ mkdir dev home lost+found mnt proc run sys tmp
(记得检查fstab, grub文件)

2.3 本次备份在LiveCD环境下进行(20200913)

2.3.1 系统环境状态概述

在0912基础上，更新clamav; pacman -S gedit;
$ sudo freshclam
$ sudo systemctl enable clamav-freshclam.service
$ sudo systemctl start clamav-freshclam.service
$ sudo systemctl enable clamav-daemon.service
$ sudo systemctl start clamav-daemon.service
$ curl https://secure.eicar.org/eicar.com.txt |clamscan -
输出必须包括：
stdin: Win.Test.EICAR_HDB-1 FOUND

2.3.2 tar -cpzvf /media/Sv/bk0913x-pkg.tgz --exclude=./var/cache/pacman/pkg/* ./

 # cd /media/Sarch/
 # df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb6        30G  6.1G   23G  22% /media/mint/Sarch
 # tar -cpzvf /media/Sv/bk0913x-pkg.tgz --exclude=./var/cache/pacman/pkg/* ./
 ~ <= 8min ~
 # du -sh bk0913x-pkg.tgz 
1.9G	bk0913x-pkg.tgz

 # md5sum bk0913x-pkg.tgz 
63598a394f2c0b3ce5f67e7e00b1b805  bk0913x-pkg.tgz
 # shasum bk0913x-pkg.tgz 
f00fa8a751967f26b401ca208661d732f47ffeee  bk0913x-pkg.tgz

2.3.3 小结

备份使用2.3.2，排除pkg包可以显著减少备份体积。
6.1G的桌面系统排除1.1G的pkg包，还有5G大小。压缩打包1.9Gb, 用时8分钟。

通常，普通用户环境备份的内容就下面这5个文件夹

/usr 4.4Gb 142948 items
/var 1.4Gb 3496 items (/var/cache/pacman/pkg 1.1Gb 627 items)
/boot 74.1Mb 381 items
/root 53.3Mb 745 items
/etc 4.9Mb 1451 items

连接目录:

bin -> usr/bin
lib -> usr/lib
lib64 -> usr/lib
sbin -> usr/bin

系统运行过程目录,不需要备份

rwxr-xr-x	5	4096	mnt
rwxr-xr-x	20	3620	dev
rwxr-xr-x	20	500	run
r-xr-xr-x	13	0	sys
r-xr-xr-x	222	0	proc
rwxrwxrwt	10	260	tmp
rwx------	2	16384	lost+found

其他目录，普通用户很少会用到

rwxr-xr-x	2	4096	opt
rwxr-xr-x	4	4096	srv

3. pkglist

$ pacman -Qq |wc -l
626

$ pacman -Qqe |wc -l
122

xfce4-appfinder	flameshot	catfish	network-manager-applet
xfce4-artwork	gimp	xarchiver	networkmanager
xfce4-battery-plugin	gedit	unrar	netctl
xfce4-clipman-plugin	vi	unzip	dhclient
xfce4-cpugraph-plugin	meld	zip	dialog
xfce4-datetime-plugin	hardinfo	p7zip	iw
xfce4-dict	htop	nethogs	thunar
xfce4-diskperf-plugin	neofetch	iftop	thunar-archive-plugin
xfce4-eyes-plugin	fd	links	thunar-media-tags-plugin
xfce4-fsguard-plugin	mlocate	elinks	thunar-volman
xfce4-genmon-plugin	convmv	chromium	xf86-input-libinput
xfce4-mount-plugin	dos2unix	firefox	xf86-video-intel
xfce4-mpc-plugin	exo	v2r..	xfconf
xfce4-netload-plugin	alsa-utils	shadow.....	xfdesktop
xfce4-notifyd	pulseaudio	privoxy	xfwm4
xfce4-panel	baobab	aria2	xfwm4-themes
xfce4-power-manager	ntfs-3g	qbittorrent	xorg-server
xfce4-pulseaudio-plugin	vlc	clamav	xorg-xinit
xfce4-screensaver	ristretto	rkhunter	adobe-source-han-sans-cn-fonts
xfce4-sensors-plugin	man-db	whois	ibus
xfce4-session	tree	hexchat	ibus-libpinyin
xfce4-settings	sudo	traceroute	intel-ucode
xfce4-smartbookmark-plugin	base	rsync	libreoffice-fresh
xfce4-systemload-plugin	garcon	pacman-contrib	libreoffice-fresh-zh-cn
xfce4-taskmanager	gvfs	pacutils	lightdm
xfce4-terminal	lsof	pkgstats	lightdm-gtk-greeter
xfce4-time-out-plugin	ltrace	fzf	virtualbox
xfce4-timer-plugin	strace	lostfiles	linux
xfce4-verve-plugin	tumbler	mesa-demos	linux-firmware
xfce4-whiskermenu-plugin	usbutils	smartmontools	grub
xfce4-xkb-plugin			os-prober

$ pacman -Qqd |wc -l
504

python	gnupg	pinentry	xorg-fonts-encodings	libnsl
python-appdirs	gnutls	pixman	xorg-iceauth	libnumbertext
python-cairo	gobject-introspection-runtime	polkit	xorg-server-common	libodfgen
python-dbus	gpgme	polkit-gnome	xorg-setxkbmap	libogg
python-dbus-common	gpm	poppler	xorg-xauth	libomxil-bellagio
python-gobject	gptfdisk	poppler-data	xorg-xkbcomp	liborcus
python-ordered-set	graphite	poppler-glib	xorg-xmodmap	libp11-kit
python-packaging	grep	popt	xorg-xprop	libpagemaker
python-pexpect	groff	procps-ng	xorg-xrdb	libpcap
python-ptyprocess	gsettings-desktop-schemas	psmisc	xorg-xset	libpciaccess
python-pyparsing	gsfonts	pygobject-devel	xorgproto	libpeas
python-pyxdg	gsm	qrencode	libabw	libpgm
python-setuptools	gspell	qt5-base	libaio	libpinyin
python-six	gtk-update-icon-cache	qt5-svg	libappindicator-gtk3	libpipeline
python2	gtk2	qt5-x11extras	libarchive	libplacebo
python2-dbus	gtk3	raptor	libass	libplist
python2-gobject	gtksourceview3	rasqal	libassuan	libpng
python2-gobject2	gtksourceview4	rav1e	libasyncns	libproxy
a52dec	gzip	re2	libatasmart	libpsl
acl	harfbuzz	readline	libatomic_ops	libpulse
adobe-source-code-pro-fonts	harfbuzz-icu	redland	libavc1394	libqxp
adwaita-icon-theme	hicolor-icon-theme	rest	libblockdev	libraw
alsa-lib	hidapi	rtkit	libbluray	libraw1394
alsa-topology-conf	hunspell	run-parts	libbytesize	librevenge
alsa-ucm-conf	hwids	sdl	libcanberra	librsvg
amtk	hyphen	sdl2	libcap	libsamplerate
aom	iana-etc	sed	libcap-ng	libsasl
archlinux-keyring	icu	shaderc	libcddb	libseccomp
argon2	inetutils	shadow	libcdio	libsecret
aribb24	iproute2	shared-mime-info	libcdio-paranoia	libsm
at-spi2-atk	iptables	slang	libcdr	libsndfile
at-spi2-core	iputils	snappy	libcmis	libsodium
atk	iso-codes	sound-theme-freedesktop	libcroco	libsoup
attr	jack	speex	libcups	libsoxr
audit	jansson	speexdsp	libdaemon	libspiro
avahi	jasper	spirv-tools	libdatrie	libssh
babl	js68	sqlite	libdbusmenu-glib	libssh2
bash	json-c	srt	libdbusmenu-gtk3	libstaroffice
blas	json-glib	startup-notification	libdca	libtar
bluez-libs	kbd	suitesparse	libde265	libtasn1
boost-libs	keyutils	sysfsutils	libdrm	libteam
brotli	kmod	systemd	libdvbpsi	libthai
btrfs-progs	krb5	systemd-libs	libe-book	libtheora
bzip2	kyotocabinet	systemd-sysvcompat	libebml	libtiff
c-ares	l-smash	taglib	libedit	libtirpc
ca-certificates	lame	tar	libelf	libtommath
ca-certificates-mozilla	lapack	tbb	libepoxy	libtool
ca-certificates-utils	lcms2	tdb	libepubgen	libtorrent-rasterbar
cairo	lensfun	tepl	libetonyek	libunistring
cantarell-fonts	less	thin-provisioning-tools	libevdev	libunwind
clucene	licenses	tre	libevent	libupnp
colord	linux-api-headers	tslib	libexif	libusb
coreutils	llvm-libs	ttf-liberation	libexttextcat	libusbmuxd
cryptsetup	lm_sensors	tzdata	libffi	libva
curl	lpsolve	uchardet	libfontenc	libvdpau
dav1d	lua51	udisks2	libfreehand	libvisio
db	lua52	upower	libgcrypt	libvorbis
dbus	lua53	usbmuxd	libgexiv2	libvpx
dbus-glib	luajit	util-linux	libglvnd	libwacom
dconf	lvm2	util-linux-libs	libgpg-error	libwebp
desktop-file-utils	lz4	v2r..-domain-list-community	libgudev	libwmf
device-mapper	lzo	v2r..-geoip	libgusb	libwnck3
diffutils	mailcap	v4l-utils	libheif	libwpd
dmraid	md4c	vid.stab	libibus	libwpg
dosfstools	mdadm	virtualbox-host-modules-arch	libice	libwps
double-conversion	mesa	vmaf	libidn	libx11
e2fsprogs	metis	volume_key	libidn2	libxau
elfutils	minizip	vte-common	libiec61883	libxcb
enchant	mkinitcpio	vte3	libimobiledevice	libxcomposite
exiv2	mkinitcpio-busybox	vulkan-icd-loader	libindicator-gtk3	libxcrypt
expat	mobile-broadband-provider-info	wayland	libinput	libxcursor
faad2	mpfr	wayland-protocols	libixion	libxdamage
fakeroot	mtdev	webrtc-audio-processing	libjpeg-turbo	libxdmcp
ffmpeg	mypaint-brushes1	wget	libkeybinder3	libxext
file	ncurses	which	libksba	libxfce4ui
filesystem	ndctl	wpa_supplicant	liblangtag	libxfce4util
findutils	neon	x264	libldap	libxfixes
flac	nettle	x265	libmad	libxfont2
fontconfig	nm-connection-editor	xcb-proto	libmatroska	libxft
freeglut	npth	xcb-util	libmfx	libxi
freetype2	nspr	xcb-util-image	libmicrohttpd	libxinerama
fribidi	nss	xcb-util-keysyms	libmm-glib	libxkbcommon
fuse-common	opencc	xcb-util-renderutil	libmng	libxkbcommon-x11
fuse2	opencore-amr	xcb-util-wm	libmnl	libxkbfile
fuse3	openexr	xdg-utils	libmodplug	libxklavier
gawk	openjpeg2	xfsprogs	libmpcdec	libxml2
gc	openresolv	xkeyboard-config	libmpd	libxmu
gcc-libs	openssl	xmlsec	libmpeg2	libxpm
gcr	opus	xvidcore	libmspack	libxpresent
gdbm	orc	xxhash	libmspub	libxrandr
gdk-pixbuf2	p11-kit	xz	libmwaw	libxrender
gegl	pacman	zeromq	libmypaint	libxres
gettext	pacman-mirrorlist	zita-alsa-pcmi	libndp	libxshmfence
giflib	pam	zita-resampler	libnetfilter_conntrack	libxslt
glew	pambase	zlib	libnewt	libxss
glib-networking	pango	zstd	libnfnetlink	libxt
glib2	parted		libnftnl	libxtst
glibc	pciutils		libnghttp2	libxv
glslang	pcre		libnl	libxvmc
glu	pcre2		libnm	libxxf86vm
gmp	perl		libnma	libyaml
gnome-themes-extra	perl-uri		libnotify	libzmf