Natural Language Processing
with Deep Learning
CS224N/Ling284
1.The foundations of the effective modern methods for deep learning applied to NLP
• Basics first: Word vectors, feed-forward networks, recurrent networks, attention
• Then key methods used in NLP in 2024: transformers, encoder-decoder models,
pretraining, post-training (RLHF, SFT), efficient adaptation, model interpretability,
language model agents, etc.
2. A big picture understanding of human languages and the difficulties in understanding
and producing them via computers
3. An understandin
RFC9220 - HTTP Datagrams and the Capsule Protocol
This document describes HTTP Datagrams, a convention for conveying
multiplexed, potentially unreliable datagrams inside an HTTP
connection.
In HTTP/3, HTTP Datagrams can be sent unreliably using the QUIC
DATAGRAM extension. When the QUIC DATAGRAM frame is unavailable or
undesirable, HTTP Datagrams can be sent using the Capsule Protocol,
which is a more general convention for conveying data in HTTP
connections.
RFC9297 - Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/3
The mechanism for running the WebSocket Protocol over a single stream
of an HTTP/2 connection is equally applicable to HTTP/3, but the
HTTP-version-specific details need to be specified. This document
describes how the mechanism is adapted for HTTP/3.
RFC9114 - HTTP/3
The QUIC transport protocol has several features that are desirable
in a transport for HTTP, such as stream multiplexing, per-stream flow
control, and low-latency connection establishment. This document
describes a mapping of HTTP semantics over QUIC. This document also
identifies HTTP/2 features that are subsumed by QUIC and describes
how HTTP/2 extensions can be ported to HTTP/3.
RFC9000 - QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport
This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol. QUIC
provides applications with flow-controlled streams for structured
communication, low-latency connection establishment, and network path
migration. QUIC includes security measures that ensure
confidentiality, integrity, and availability in a range of deployment
circumstances. Accompanying documents describe the integration of TLS
for key negotiation, loss detection, and an exemplary congestion
control algorithm.
RFC8446 -The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3
Abstract
This document specifies version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security
(TLS) protocol. TLS allows client/server applications to communicate
over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping,
tampering, and message forgery.
This document updates RFCs 5705 and 6066, and obsoletes RFCs 5077,
5246, and 6961. This document also specifies new requirements for
TLS 1.2 implementations.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product o
Web3+Decentralized+去中心化+存储
Storage parameter flexibility
• Storage permanence
• Redundancy persistence
• Data transmission incentivization
• Universality of storage tracking
Filecoin’s tokenomics support growing the total network’s storage space.
Crust’s tokenomics ensure hyper-redundancy with fast retrieval speeds.
Sia is all about privacy
Arweave is all about permanence
Storj’s business model seems to heavily factor in their billing and payment approach.
Swarm’s bonding curve model
Chainbase+Web3+APi+Data warehouse
1.Chain API Service：提供安全稳定的多链节点 JSONRPC 集群⽀持，轻松访问多链⽹络
2.Web3 API Service：⽀持多种协议索引，快速⽀持业务应⽤场景（如Token、NFT、DeFi、Domain...）数据查询
3.All-In-One Dashboard：通过⼀站式控制台完成创建、调试、监控和运维 Web3 应⽤程序
Graph+Web3+检索
1.Substreams 是 The Graph Network 的数据服务世界中即将推出的服务之一，它允许您以毫秒级的延迟查询 Solana 历史数据和实时数据。
2.The Graph 是 Web3 的核心开发者工具及中间件，作为去中心化网络的索引查询层，对区块链数据进行结构化和分类，使用户可以轻松高效地对其进行检索。
Web3+Nostr+区块链+去中心化+Relay+抗审查
1.Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays
2.由“中继器”传输的“笔记”和“其它东西
3.不依赖于任何可信任(trusted)的中心化服务器，因此具有“韧性/可迅
速恢复性”(resilient)
4.基于公钥密码学的“密钥和签名”原理，所以它防篡改
5.不需要依赖P2P技术就能运行
GO 中 Chan 实现原理分享
本文聚焦：
1.chan是什么
2.chan的底层数据结构
3.chan的读写基本流程
4.与sync的区别
storj dcs video use case
Video Storage & Streaming
闪电贷的攻防和智能合约审计
闪电贷和闪电兑，以及智能合约的安全防范
Poly Network 技术架构
To build the next generation internet
VISION FOR A HETEROGENEOUS MULTI-CHAIN FRAMEWORK
DRAFT
Present-day blockchain architectures all suffer from a number of issues not least practical means of extensibility and scalability. We believe this stems from tying two very important parts of the consensus architecture, namely
canonicality and validity, too closely together. This paper introduces an architecture, the heterogeneous multi-chain, which fundamentally sets the two apart.
Security audit report for imtoken wallet
This security audit is a requested service authorized by the client. The service is
mainly about application penetration testing which helps to find the vulnerabilities
and threats of the target. All the penetration testing items are done by simulating the
real world malicious attacks against the target, which mimics human hackers’
activities by manual penetration testing with automated tools.
Decentraland is a blockchain-based virtual world
Decentraland is a virtual reality platform powered by the Ethereum blockchain. Users can create, experience, and monetize content and applications. Land in Decentraland is permanently owned by the community, giving them full control over their creations. Users claim ownership of virtual land on a blockchain-based ledger of parcels. Landowners control what content is published to their portion of land, which is identified by a set of cartesian coordinates (x,y). Contents can range from static 3D
The Bitcoin Standard
The Bitcoin Standard
Bitcoin的表演
力场的定位是一个以公链共建挖矿为核心的社区平台以及UGC平台
力场的定位是一个以公链共建挖矿为核心的社区平台以及 UGC（用户生成贡
献）平台。力场的愿景是成为公链生态第一社区，无力场，不公链。
力场的使命是赋能公链生态，以(贡献)行为挖矿为切入点，形成公链、KOL、
用户、Dapp 共生、共建、共利的区块链用户社区。
A Novel Metastable Consensus Protocol Family for Cryptocurrencie
This paper introduces a new family of leaderless Byzantine fault tolerance protocols, built on a metastable mechanism. These protocols provide a strong probabilistic
safety guarantee in the presence of Byzantine adversaries,
while their concurrent nature enables them to achieve
high throughput and scalability.
Measuring Ethereum Network Peers
Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency valued at a peak of
$138 billion in 2018, is a decentralized, Turing-complete computing
platform. Although the stability and security of Ethereum—and
blockchain systems in general—have been widely-studied, most
analysis has focused on application level features of these systems
such as cryptographic mining challenges, smart contract semantics,
or block mining operators.
Firework Games White Paper
Firework Games will be the most advanced and forward-looking blockchain
game platform. Our vision is to provide an open and inclusive diverse game
world based on the pure blockchain technology, which will change the
game industry in modern society. Everyone is freely allowed to create, to
play and to enjoy his own role in the parallel world.
CS251 Final Exam 2021
You may use any (non-human) resource to answer
the questions. You may not collaborate with others.
Generic Construction of Ring Signatures with Efficient
We introduce a novel generic ring signature construction, called DualRing, which
can be built from several canonical identification schemes (such as Schnorr identification).DualRing differs from the classical ring signatures by its formation of two rings: a ring of commitments and a ring of challenges. It has a structural difference from the common ring signature approaches based on accumulators or zero-knowledge proofs of the signer index.
The Gridex Protocol
The Gridex Protocol is a permissionless and non-custodial trading protocol
consisting of a set of persistent, non-upgradable smart contracts on the Ethereum
blockchain. Unlike the current mainstream decentralized exchanges based on the
Automated Market Maker (AMM) model, Gridex is based on order books. With our
novel Grid Maker Order Book (GMOB) model, we have significantly reduced the
resource consumption of running an order book based system, allowing us to deploy
and run it on the Ethereum.
Efficient Zero-Knowledge Arguments for Arithmetic Circuits
We provide a zero-knowledge argument for arithmetic circuit
satisfiability with a communication complexity that grows logarithmically
in the size of the circuit. The round complexity is also logarithmic and
for an arithmetic circuit with fan-in 2 gates the computation of the
prover and verifier is linear in the size of the circuit. The soundness
of our argument relies solely on the well-established discrete logarithm
assumption in prime order groups.
KishuInu Whitepaper
$KISHU is an ERC20 token which started on the Ethereum blockchain April 17, 2021.
The max supply is 100 quadrillion and one of its key functionalities is its decentralized
usage rewards mechanism. For every active user transaction a 2% $KISHU reward
is granted to holders’ decentralized wallets only, fostering a healthy distrubuted
network and community usage. The more $KISHU is actively used, the more rewards
are granted!
On the Instability of Bitcoin Without the Block Reward
Bitcoin provides two incentives for miners: block rewards
and transaction fees. The former accounts for the vast majority of miner revenues at the beginning of the system, but
it is expected to transition to the latter as the block rewards
dwindle. There has been an implicit belief that whether
miners are paid by block rewards or transaction fees does
not affect the security of the block chain.
Shorter Proofs for Privacy-Enhanced Distributed Ledger
We present a new short zero-knowledge argument for the range proof and the arithmetic circuits without a trusted setup. In particular, the proof size of our protocol is the shortest of the category of proof systems with a trustless setup. More concretely, when proving a committed value is a positive integer less than 64 bits, except for negligible error in the 128-bit security parameter,
the proof size is 576 byte long, which is of 85.7% size of the previous shortest one due to Bunzetal.
Attacking Threshold Wallets
Threshold wallets leverage threshold signature schemes (TSS) to distribute signing
rights across multiple parties when issuing blockchain transactions. These provide greater
assurance against insider fraud, and are sometimes seen as an alternative to methods using a trusted execution environment to issue the signature. This new class of applications
motivated researchers to discover better protocols, entrepreneurs to create start-up companies, and large organizations to deploy TSS-based.
This paper provides an architectural overview of the Avalanche
Avalanche is a high-performance, scalable, customizable, and secure blockchain platform. It targets three
broad use cases: 15
– Building application-specific blockchains, spanning permissioned (private) and permissionless (public)
deployments.
– Building and launching highly scalable and decentralized applications (Dapps).
– Building arbitrarily complex digital assets with custom rules, covenants, and riders (smart assets).
Avalanche Native Token ($AVAX) Dynamics
This paper discusses the key implementation details, in particular the
token economics (tokenomics), of the native token of the Avalanche platform, called 5
$AVAX. The native token secures the network, pays for fees, and provides the basic
unit of account between the multiple blockchains deployed on the larger Avalanche
network. For additional details on Avalanche, which serves as a versatile and universal platform, allowing anyone to launch new blockchains with their own rules,
virtual machine
ZKSwap是一个基于 ZK-Rollup 的 Layer2 代币Swap协议
是一种基于 ZK-Rollup 技术的 Layer-2 AMM 去中心化交易协议 ZKSwap，在 Layer-2 上实现了 uniswap 的所有功能，在保证去中心化交易的核心
价值的同时，实现实时交易，把 Uniswap 的 TPS（每秒可以处理的交易数量）
提升了多个数量级，同时交易的过程几乎不需要消耗任何 Gas 费用。
ZKSwap 系统由链上智能合约，链下 ZKSwap Server，零知识证明系统和前端
用户界面组成。
ZEND White Paper
You agree that you are acquiring ZEND to participate in zkLend and to obtain services
on the ecosystem thereon. The Company, the Distributor and their respective affiliates would develop and
contribute to the underlying source code for zkLend. The Company is acting solely as an arms’ length
third party in relation to the ZEND distribution, and not in the capacity as a financial advisor or fiduciary
of any person with regard to the distribution of ZEND.
KZen Curv Security Audit
KZen Curv is a library written in Rust providing low-level elliptic curve cryptography
functionalities (ECC), as well as higher-level protocols such as key-exchange, secret
sharing, zero-knowledge, and multi-party computation.
KZen Curv 是一个用 Rust 编写的库，提供低级椭圆曲线加密
功能 (ECC) 以及更高级别的协议，例如密钥交换、秘密
共享、零知识、多方计算。
为什么虚拟资产值得投资：元宇宙虚拟地产报告
本篇报告回顾了2021年Metaverse虚拟地产商生态的发展，并讨论了与之相关的主要市场趋势。这些趋势包括：主流传统玩家的入场；Metaverse技术的商业应用（包括游戏和应用）;以及非同质化代币NFT对于整个整体元宇宙的影响。
元宇宙:未来数字绿洲入口已打开
元宇宙是与现实世界高度互通的虚拟世界，具有同步和拟真、开源和创
造、永续、闭环经济系统四大核心属性。元宇宙的兴起将伴随着 AR/VR、
云计算、AI、5G 等技术的进化，人类对虚拟世界的构建和发展将造就互
联网的终极形态——METAVERSE。随着 ROBLOX 上市受到追捧，元宇宙
正从概念走向现实，国内对标公司或如雨后春笋般出现，产业链发展值
得重视。
Code Assessment of Liquidations 2.0 Smart Contracts
First and foremost we would like to thank the Maker Foundation for giving us the opportunity to assess
the current state of their Liquidations 2.0 system. This document outlines the findings, limitations, and
methodology of our assessment.
Initially, our code assessment resulted in a number of findings regarding security and correctness. After
the submission of the intermediate reports all findings have been resolved. These have been marked
accordingly and can be found in the Resolved Findings s
Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Meta
This paper introduces a family of leaderless Byzantine fault
tolerance protocols, built around a metastable mechanism
via network subsampling. These protocols provide a strong
probabilistic safety guarantee in the presence of Byzantine
adversaries while their concurrent and leaderless nature enables them to achieve high throughput and scalability. Unlike
blockchains that rely on proof-of-work, they are quiesce
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