高版本Ubuntu(如22.02)修改apt源，快速安装低版本gcc/g++

https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44576482/article/details/128667841

Ubuntu不同版本默认apt install gcc安装的gcc和g++版本不同，如Ubuntu22.04默认安装gcc/g++为11版本，高版本Ubuntu无法直接通过apt install gcc安装低版本编译器，可以通过离线安装（过于繁琐），本文推荐修改apt源，添加对应低版本ubuntu源即可，这里以Ubuntu22.04为例，给出安装gcc-5/gcc-7的简单方法，同时给出了常用的国内镜像源。

apt install gcc的会同时安装gcc和g++

1. 首先简单介绍常用国内apt源-->阿里云和清华云(此步骤只是参考可略过)

1. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

2. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

3. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

4. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

6. # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

7. # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

8. # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

9. # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

11. ## Pre-released source, not recommended.

12. # deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

13. # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

15. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

16. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

17. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

18. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

20. # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse

21. # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

22. # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse

23. # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse

25. ## Pre-released source, not recommended.

26. # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

27. # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

上面源中每一行中的jammy标识为ubuntu22.04，若为其他版本Ubuntu，将对应jammy改为其他版本标识，如focal即可，常用的Ubuntu版本代号如下：

1. Ubuntu 22.04：jammy

2. Ubuntu 20.04：focal

3. Ubuntu 18.04：bionic

4. Ubuntu 16.04：xenial

2. Ubuntu22.04默认安装gcc-11版本，如果需要安装低版本，可以修改apt源，添加低版本ubuntu源来安装

使用下面命令修改apt源

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list

如要安装gcc-7，在sources.list文件末尾添加Ubuntu 20.04：focal的源

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main universe

如要安装gcc-5，在sources.list文件末尾添加Ubuntu 16.04：focal的源

deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main universe

sources.list文件修改完毕后，执行以下命令加载源资源

sudo apt-get update

注意，有时update时会报错, 提示GPG error缺少公钥，多见于添加了xenial版本(Ubuntu16)源

1. W: GPG error: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 40976EAF437D05B5 NO_PUBKEY 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32

2. E: The repository 'http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease' is not signed.

3. N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.

4. N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.

此时，解决办法根据报错信息“NO_PUBKEY 40976EAF437D05B5 NO_PUBKEY 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32”导入对应公钥即可

1. sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 40976EAF437D05B5

2. sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 3B4FE6ACC0B21F32

然后，再次sudo apt-get update，之后就可以直接apt安装gcc对应版本

1. sudo apt install gcc-5

2. sudo apt install gcc-7