c++ basics

int v[] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
for (auto x : v}
    cout << x << '\n'; 
for (auto& x : v)
    cout << x << '\n';

The first places a copy of elements into x whereas the second does not.

Check null pointer:

int count_x(char* x, char x)
    // count the number of occurrence of x in p[]
    // p assumed to point to a zero-terminated array of char
    // (or to nothing)
{
    if (p==nullptr) return 0;
    int count = 0;
    for (; *p!=0; ++p)
        if (*p==x) ++count;
    return count;
}

struct Vector{
    int sz;
    double* elem;
};

Vector v;

void vector_init(Vector& x, int s)
    // x is passed as a non-const reference
{
    v.elem = new double[s];
    v.sz = s;
}

A simple Vector:

double read_and_sum(int s)
{
    Vector v;
    vector_init(v,s);
    for (int i=0; i<s; ++i)
        cin >> v.elem[i];

    double sum {0};
    for (int i=0; i<s; ++i)
        sum += v.elem[i];
    return sum;
}

We use . to access struct members through a name (and through a reference) and -> to access struct members through a pointer.

void f(Vector v, Vector& rv, Vector* pv)
{
    int i1 = v.sz;
    int i2 = rv.sz;
    int i4 = pv->sz;
}

Enumerations with scope:

enum class Color { red, blue, green };
enum class Traffic_light {green, yellow, red};

int main()
{
        Color col = Color::red;
        Traffic_light light = Traffic_light::red;
}