operator模块
示例 使用reduce函数和一个匿名函数计算阶乘
from functools import reduce
def fact(n):
return reduce(lambda a,b:a*b, range(1, n+1))
使用reduce和operator.mul函数计算接阶乘
from functools import reduce
from poerator import mul
def fact(n):
return reduce(mul, range(1, n+1))
operator模块中itemgetter的常见用途
1、使用itemgetter排序一个元组列表
metro_data = [
('Tokyo', 'JP', 36.933, (35.689722, 139.691667)),
('Delhi NCR', 'IN', 21.935, (28.613889, 77.208889)),
('Mexico City', 'MX', 20.142, (19.433333, -99.133333)),
('New York-Newark', 'US', 20.104, (40.808611, -74.020386)),
('Sao Paulo', 'BR', 19.649, (-23.547778, -46.635833)),
]
from operator import itemgetter
for city in sorted(metro_data, key=itemgetter(1)):
print city
输出:
('Sao Paulo', 'BR', 19.649, (-23.547778, -46.635833))
('Delhi NCR', 'IN', 21.935, (28.613889, 77.208889))
('Tokyo', 'JP', 36.933, (35.689722, 139.691667))
('Mexico City', 'MX', 20.142, (19.433333, -99.133333))
('New York-Newark', 'US', 20.104, (40.808611, -74.020386))
如果把多个参数传给itemgetter,它构建的函数会返回提取的值构成的元组
cc_name = itemgetter(1,0)
for city in metro_data:
print cc_name(city)
输出:
('JP', 'Tokyo')
('IN', 'Delhi NCR')
('MX', 'Mexico City')
('US', 'New York-Newark')
('BR', 'Sao Paulo')
functools.partial这个高阶函数用于部分应用一个函数。部分应用是指,基于一个函数创建一个新的可调用对象,把原函数的某些参数固定。使用这个函数可以把接受一个或多个参数的函数改编成需要回调的API,这样参数更少。
1、示例 使用partial把一两参数函数改编成需要单参数的可调用对象
from operator import mul
from functools import partial
triple = partial(mul,3)
print triple(7)
print list(map(triple, range(1,10))
输出:
21
[3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27]