python编程-从入门到实践-if语句

python编程-从入门到实践-if语句

• 一个简单的if语句

cars = ['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota'] 
for car in cars: 
      if car == 'bmw': 
         print(car.upper()) 
      else:
         print(car.title())
 结果显示：
 Audi 
 BMW 
 Subaru 
 Toyota

• 在程序中可以用来检查程序的测试-条件测试

car = 'bmw' 
car == 'bmw' 
true
大多数条件测试都将一个变量的当前值同特定值进行比较。
最简单的条件测试检查变量的值是否与特定值相等

检查是否相等时不考虑大小写

• 在Python中检查是否相等时区分大小写，例如，两个大小写不同的值会被视为不相等
• 如果大小写无关紧要，而只想检查变量的值，可将变量的值转换为小写，再进行比较

 car = 'Audi' 
 car.lower() == 'audi' 
 True
 这样转化为小写但是并没有影响存储在变量car 中的值，此刻依然为Audi

检查是否不相等(!=)

 requested_topping = 'mushrooms' 
 if requested_topping != 'anchovies':    
 print("Hold the anchovies!")
 结果显示：
 Hold the anchovies!

比较数字

 age = 18 
 age == 18 
 True

条件语句中可包含各种数学比较，如小于、小于等于、大于、大于等于

age = 19 
age < 21 True 
age <= 21 True 
age > 21 False 
age >= 21 
False

使用and检查多个条件

age_0 = 22  
age_1 = 18 
age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21  
False 
age_1 = 22  
age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 21  
True
为了增加可读性，可以使用括号：
(age_0 >= 21) and (age_1 >= 21)

使用or检查多个条件

age_0 = 22  
age_1 = 18 
age_0 >= 21 or age_1 >= 21  
True

检查特定值是否包含在列表中-关键字In

   requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'onions', 'pineapple'] 
   'mushrooms' in requested_toppings  
   True 
   'pepperoni' in requested_toppings  
   False

检查特定值是否不包含在列表中-关键字not in

  banned_users = ['andrew', 'carolina', 'david']  
  user = 'marie' 
     if user not in banned_users:      
        print(user.title() + ", you can post a response if you wish.")

布尔表达式-结果要么为True ，要么为False
在if 语句中，缩进的作用与for 循环中相同。如果测试通过了，将执行if 语句后面所有缩进的代码行，否则将忽略它们。
　
if-elif-else 结构,也可以使用多个elif 代码块

 age = 12 
 if age < 4:      
 print("Your admission cost is $0.") 
 elif age < 18:      
 print("Your admission cost is $5.") 
 else:      
 print("Your admission cost is $10.")
 Python并不要求if-elif 结构后面必须有else 代码块。可以省略else

测试多个条件-使用多个if

 requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese'] 
 if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:      
     print("Adding mushrooms.") 
 if 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:      
     print("Adding pepperoni.") 
 if 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:      
     print("Adding extra cheese.")  
 print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

使用if语句处理列表

  requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']  
  for requested_topping in requested_toppings:  
       if requested_topping == 'green peppers':          
           print("Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.")    
       else:          
           print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")  
  print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
  结果显示：
  Adding mushrooms. 
  Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now. 
  Adding extra cheese. 
  Finished making your pizza!
  在对列表进行操作时要确保列表不为空
 例如：
 requested_toppings = [] 
   if requested_toppings:      
       for requested_topping in requested_toppings:          
           print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")      
       print("\nFinished making your pizza!") 
   else:      print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")