Group by
用途:
对结果集进行分组,常与汇总函数一起使用。
语法:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column |
例:
“Sales”表中的原始数据:
Company | Amount |
W3Schools | 5500 |
IBM | 4500 |
W3Schools | 7100 |
按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Company |
返回结果:
Company | SUM(Amount) |
W3Schools | 12600 |
IBM | 4500 |
7、Having
用途:
指定群组或汇总的搜寻条件。
语法:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column HAVING SUM(column) condition value |
解释:
HAVING 通常与 GROUP BY 子句同时使用。不使用 GROUP BY 时,HAVING 则与 WHERE 子句功能相似。
例:
“Sales”表中的原始数据:
Company | Amount |
W3Schools | 5500 |
IBM | 4500 |
W3Schools | 7100 |
按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计在10000以上的数据:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Company HAVING SUM(Amount)>10000 |
返回结果:
Company | SUM(Amount) |
W3Schools | 12600 |
Join
用途:
当你要从两个或者以上的表中选取结果集时,你就会用到JOIN。
例:
“Employees”表中的数据如下,(其中ID为主键):
ID | Name |
01 | Hansen, Ola |
02 | Svendson, Tove |
03 | Svendson, Stephen |
04 | Pettersen, Kari |
“Orders”表中的数据如下:
ID | Product |
01 | Printer |
03 | Table |
03 | Chair |
用Employees的ID和Orders的ID相关联选取数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees, Orders WHERE Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
返回结果:
Name | Product |
Hansen, Ola | Printer |
Svendson, Stephen | Table |
Svendson, Stephen | Chair |
或者你也可以用JOIN关键字来完成上面的操作:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees INNER JOIN Orders ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
INNER JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM first_table INNER JOIN second_table ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield |
解释:
INNER JOIN返回的结果集是两个表中所有相匹配的数据。
LEFT JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM first_table LEFT JOIN second_table ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield |
用”Employees”表去左外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees LEFT JOIN Orders ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
返回结果:
Name | Product |
Hansen, Ola | Printer |
Svendson, Tove |
|
Svendson, Stephen | Table |
Svendson, Stephen | Chair |
Pettersen, Kari |
|
解释:
LEFT JOIN返回”first_table”中所有的行尽管在” second_table”中没有相匹配的数据。
RIGHT JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM first_table RIGHT JOIN second_table ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield |
用”Employees”表去右外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product FROM Employees RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID |
返回结果:
Name | Product |
Hansen, Ola | Printer |
Svendson, Stephen | Table |
Svendson, Stephen | Chair |
解释:
RIGHT JOIN返回” second_table”中所有的行尽管在”first_table”中没有相匹配的数据。
Alias
用途:
可用在表、结果集或者列上,为它们取一个逻辑名称
语法:
给列取别名:
SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table |
给表取别名:
SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias |
例:
“Persons”表中的原始数据:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Hansen | Ola | Timoteivn 10 | Sandnes |
Svendson | Tove | Borgvn 23 | Sandnes |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 | Stavanger |
运行下面的SQL:
SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name FROM Persons |
返回结果:
Family | Name |
Hansen | Ola |
Svendson | Tove |
Pettersen | Kari |
运行下面的SQL:
SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Persons AS Employees |
返回结果:
Employees中的数据有:
LastName | FirstName |
Hansen | Ola |
Svendson | Tove |
Pettersen | Kari |
Insert Into
用途:
在表中插入新行
语法:
插入一行数据
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....) |
插入一行数据在指定的字段上
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...) VALUES (value1, value2,....) |
例:
“Persons”表中的原始数据:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 | Stavanger |
运行下面的SQL插入一行数据:
INSERT INTO Persons VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes') |
插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 | Stavanger |
Hetland | Camilla | Hagabakka 24 | Sandnes |
运行下面的SQL插入一行数据在指定的字段上:
INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address) VALUES ('Rasmussen', 'Storgt 67') |
插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 | Stavanger |
Hetland | Camilla | Hagabakka 24 | Sandnes |
Rasmussen |
| Storgt 67 |
|
Update
用途:
更新表中原有数据
语法:
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value WHERE column_name = some_value |
例:update Person set FirstName=’Nina’ where LastName=’’
“Person”表中的原始数据:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Nilsen | Fred | Kirkegt 56 | Stavanger |
Rasmussen |
| Storgt 67 |
|
运行下面的SQL将Person表中LastName字段为”Rasmussen”的FirstName更新为”Nina”:
UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina' WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen' |
更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Nilsen | Fred | Kirkegt 56 | Stavanger |
Rasmussen | Nina | Storgt 67 |
|
同样的,用UPDATE语句也可以同时更新多个字段:
UPDATE Person SET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger' WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen' |
更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Nilsen | Fred | Kirkegt 56 | Stavanger |
Rasmussen | Nina | Stien 12 | Stavanger |
Delete
用途:
删除表中的数据
语法:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value |
例:delete from Person where LastName=’’
“Person”表中的原始数据:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Nilsen | Fred | Kirkegt 56 | Stavanger |
Rasmussen | Nina | Stien 12 | Stavanger |
删除Person表中LastName为”Rasmussen”的数据:
DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen' |
执行删除语句后”Person”表中的数据为:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Nilsen | Fred | Kirkegt 56 | Stavanger |
Create Table
用途:
建立新的资料表。
语法:
CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, ....... ) |
例:
创建一张叫“Person”的表,该表有4个字段"LastName", "FirstName", "Address", "Age":
CREATE TABLE Person ( LastName varchar, FirstName varchar, Address varchar, Age int ) |
如果想指定字段的最大存储长度,你可以这样:
CREATE TABLE Person ( LastName varchar(30), FirstName varchar(30), Address varchar(120), Age int(3) ) |
Alter Table
用途:
在已经存在的表中增加后者移除字段
语法:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name |
注意:某些数据库管理系统不允许移除表中的字段
例:alter table Person add city varchar(30)
“Person”表中的原始数据:
LastName | FirstName | Address |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 |
在Person表中增加一个名为City的字段:
ALTER TABLE Person ADD City varchar(30) |
增加后表中数据如下:
LastName | FirstName | Address | City |
Pettersen | Kari | Storgt 20 |
|
Alter table Person drop column address
移除Person表中原有的Address字段:
ALTER TABLE Person DROP COLUMN Address |
移除后表中数据如下:
LastName | FirstName | City |
Pettersen | Kari |
|
Drop Table
用途:
在数据库中移除一个数据表定义及该数据表中的所有资料、索引、触发程序、条件约束及权限指定。
语法:
DROP TABLE table_name |
Create Database
用途:
建立新的数据库.
语法:
CREATE DATABASE database_name |
Drop Database
用途:
移除原有的数据库
语法:
DROP DATABASE database_name |