系列文章目录
【跟小嘉学 Linux 系统架构与开发】一、学习环境的准备与Linux系统介绍
【跟小嘉学 Linux 系统架构与开发】二、Linux发型版介绍与基础常用命令介绍
【跟小嘉学 Linux 系统架构与开发】三、如何查看帮助文档
前言
前面我们讲解了基础的日历、日期与时间、计算器等命令,以及常用的快捷键操作,我们这一节详细讲解,如何查看Linux的手册、文档、帮助信息等信息。
参考资料
《鸟哥的Linux私房菜繁体版》
《鸟哥的Linux私房菜简体版》
一、 命令的 --help
帮助说明
几乎 Linux 上的命令,在开发的时候,开发者就会将命令的语法与参数写入到指令操作手册上了,你只需要使用 --help
这个选项,就能够将该命令的用法一个大致的理解。
我们拿最熟悉的 date 的命令来查看
[vagrant@10 ~]$ date --help
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not 'now'
-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
-I[TIMESPEC], --iso-8601[=TIMESPEC] output date/time in ISO 8601 format.
TIMESPEC='date' for date only (the default),
'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns' for date
and time to the indicated precision.
-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE
-R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format.
Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600
--rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format.
TIMESPEC='date', 'seconds', or 'ns' for
date and time to the indicated precision.
Date and time components are separated by
a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00
-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING
-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
%% a literal %
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
%d day of month (e.g., 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow '%':
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.
Examples:
Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date
$ date --date='@2147483647'
Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)
$ TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date
Show the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US
$ date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri'
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report date translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'date invocation'
- Usage: 表明 date 命令的语法格式
- 接下来就是 [OPTION] 选项的内容
- 在接下来就是格式化控制台输出的格式序列
二、man page
2.1、man page 介绍
date --help
并没有详细告诉你 STRING 是什么东西,我们如果想要清清楚楚的知道该指令的用法。我们可以找 man 命令(manual).
DATE(1) User Commands DATE(1)
NAME
date - print or set the system date and time
SYNOPSIS
date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
DESCRIPTION
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-d, --date=STRING
display time described by STRING, not 'now'
-f, --file=DATEFILE
like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
-I[TIMESPEC], --iso-8601[=TIMESPEC]
output date/time in ISO 8601 format. TIMESPEC='date' for date only (the default), 'hours', 'minutes',
Manual page date(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
- DATE(1):括号中的1 代表 我们指令的内容,这个编码从1-9有9个含义
- 1 :用户交互的命令,例如 ls、cp、man、grep等
- 2: 系统调用和内核函数
- 3:包含库函数和标准c函数
- 4:包含配置文件和设备文件
- 5:包含配置文件格式和协议
- 6:包含游戏和演示程序
- 7:包含惯例、协议、文件格式等
- 8:包含系统管理命令
- 9:和内核有关的文件
- NAME:命令的完整名称和命令用法
- SYNPSIS:命令的基本语法
- DESCRIPTION:详细说明语法中的选项参数的用法
- ENVIRONMENT:与这个命令相关的环境参数
- EXAMPLES:使用示例
- DATE STRING:日期的格式说明
- AUTHOR:命令的作者
- COPYRIGHT 版权声明
- SEE ALSO:还可以查找的文档
2.2、man page 快捷
快捷键表格
按键 | 作用 |
---|---|
空格键 | 向下翻页 |
[Page Down] | 向下翻一頁 |
[Page Up] | 向上翻一頁 |
[Home] | 去到第一頁 |
[End] | 去到最後一頁 |
/string | 向『下』查找 string 字符串, |
?string | 向『上』查找 string 這個字串 |
n, N | 利用 / 或 ? 來查找字串時,可以用 n 來繼續下一個查找 (不论是 / 或 ?) ,可以利用 N 來進行『反向』查找。 |
q | 結束這次的 man page |
2.3、man page 资料位置
不同的发行版存放的路径可能有点差异,不过通常都是 在 /usr/share/man
目录,我们可以man 的搜索路径来改善目录的问题
修改 /etc/man_db.conf
或 man.conf
或 manpath.conf
或 man.config
,关于 man 命令的详细信息,我们也可以通过 man man
命令来查询
2.4、man 命令用法
2.4.1、查看与 man 命令有关的文档
[vagrant@10 ~]$ man -f man
man (1) - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
man (1p) - display system documentation
man (7) - macros to format man pages
man -f
命令也可以使用 whatis
来替代
[vagrant@10 ~]$ whatis man
whatis: can't set the locale; make sure $LC_* and $LANG are correct
man (1) - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
man (1p) - display system documentation
man (7) - macros to format man pages
2.4.2、查看对应类型的 man 命令的相关资料
man 1 man
man 7 man
2.4.3、查找关键字有关的命令
man -k man
man -k
命令也可以使用 apropos
命令来替代
apropos man
2.4.3、mandb
whatis
和 apropos
命令要能使用,必须建立 whatis 资料库才可以,可以在 root 账号下使用 下面命令来生成
[vagrant@10 ~]$ su - # 切换到 root 账号 - 表示环境变量也切换
Password:
Last login: Sun Mar 31 18:00:45 UTC 2024 on pts/0
[root@10 ~]# mandb
Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man...
Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man...
Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ru...
Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ru...
Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/en...
Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/en...
Purging old database entries in /usr/local/share/man...
Processing manual pages under /usr/local/share/man...
0 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
0 manual pages were added.
0 stray cats were added.
0 old database entries were purged.
三、info
3.1、info 命令介绍
info
命令 和 man
命令到用法差不多,就是用来查询命令的用法或者文件的格式,info page 是将文件拆成一个个段落,每个段落有自己的页面来编写,并且每个页面都有类似的超链接来跳到不同的页面。
info 命令的文件是存放在 /usr/share/info
目录之中.
[root@10 ~]# info info
File: info.info, Node: Top, Next: Getting Started, Up: (dir)
Info: An Introduction
*********************
The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals in the "Info
format", which you read using an "Info reader". You are probably using
an Info reader to read this now.
There are two primary Info readers: 'info', a stand-alone program
designed just to read Info files (*note What is Info?: (info-stnd)Top.),
and the 'info' package in GNU Emacs, a general-purpose editor. At
present, only the Emacs reader supports using a mouse.
If you are new to the Info reader and want to learn how to use it,
type the command 'h' now. It brings you to a programmed instruction
sequence.
To read about advanced Info commands, type 'n' twice. This brings
you to 'Advanced Info Commands', skipping over the 'Getting Started'
chapter.
--zz-Info: (info.info.gz)Top, 52 lines --Top------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No `Prev' or `Up' for this node within this document.
- File:代表info page 的资料来自 info.info 这个文件所提供
- Node:代表目前这个页面属于Top节点,意思是 info.info 内容有很多,Top只是其中一部分内容
- Next:下一个节点的名称为:Getting Started,你也可以按 N 跳到下一个节点;
- Up:回到上一层的节点,你也可以按 U 来回到上一层
- Prev:前一个节点,但是TOP是第一个节点,所以上面没有前一个节点的内容
3.2、快捷键
按键 | 功能 |
---|---|
空格键 | 向下翻一页 |
[Page Down] | 向下翻一页 |
[Page Up] | 向上翻一页 |
[tab] | 在 node 之间移动,有 node 的地方,通常会以 * 显示。 |
[Enter] | 当光标在 node 上面时,按下 Enter 可以进入该 node |
b | 移动光标到该info 当中的第一个 node 处 |
e | 移动光标到该info 当中的最后一个 node 处 |
n | 前往下一个 node 处 |
p | 前往上一个 node 处 |
u | 向上移动一层 |
s(/) | 在 info page 当中进行搜索 |
h, ? | 显示帮助菜单 |
q | 結束这次的 info page |
四、其他有用的文件(documents)
一般而言,命令或软件开发者都会将自己的命令或软件的说明制作成文档,但是并不是所有的命令或软件都有。
这些文件一般都存放在 /usr/share/doc
例如
/usr/share/doc/grub2-tools-2.02
五、正确的关机方法
关机的时候要注意几件事
- 观察系统的使用状态:
who
、netstat -a
、ps -aux
- 通知用户关机的:
shutdown
- 正确的关机和重启命令:
shutdown
、reboot
- 资料同步写入硬盘命令:
sync
- 关机:
halt
、poweroff
、reboot
- 管理工具:
init
、systemctl