[Python]属性和property内建函数

     早期的Python版本中，我们一般用__getattr__()和__setattr__()来处理和属性相关的问题。属性的访问会涉及以上的方法(和__getattribute__())，但是如果用property()来处理这些问题，就可以写一个和属性有关的属性来处理实例属性的获取(getting)、赋值(setting)和删除(deleting)操作，就不必在使用那些特殊的方法了。

property()内建函数的四个参数，它们是：

property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

实际上，property()是在它所在的类被创建时调用的，这些传进来的(作为参数的)方法是非绑定的，所以这些方法就是函数！

实例一：

class ProtectAndHideX(object):
    def __init__(self,x):
        assert isinstance(x,int),\
        '"x" must be an integer!'
        self.__x = ~x
    def get_x(self):
        return ~self.__x
    x = property(get_x)

inst = ProtectAndHideX(10)
print "inst.x = ",inst.x
inst.x = 20

inst.x =  10

  :

AttributeError: can't set attribute

实例二：

class HideX(object):
    def __init__(self,x):
        self.x = x
    def get_x(self):
        return ~self.__x
    def set_x(self,x):
        assert isinstance(x,int),\
        '"x" must be an integer!'
        self.__x = ~x
    x = property(get_x, set_x)
    
inst2 = HideX(10)
print inst2.x
inst2.x = 20
print inst2.x

10
20

实例三：

from math import pi
def get_pi(dummy):
    return pi
class PI(object):
    pi = property(get_pi,doc = 'Constant "pi"')
inst3 = PI()
print inst3.pi
print PI.pi.__doc__

3.14159265359
Constant "pi"

实例四：

class HideXX(object):
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x
        
    @property
    def x():
        def fget(self):
            return ~self.__x
        
        def fset(self,x):
            assert isinstance(x,int),\
            '"x" must be an integer!'
            self.__x = ~x
            
        return locals()

inst4 = HideXX(20)
print inst4.x
inst4.x = 40
print inst4.x

  :

AttributeError: can't set attribute(至于为什么，还没搞明白，新式类继承自object反而不可以)

修改上述代码：

class HideXX:
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x
        
    @property
    def x():
        def fget(self):
            return ~self.__x
        
        def fset(self,x):
            assert isinstance(x,int),\
            '"x" must be an integer!'
            self.__x = ~x
            
        return locals()

inst4 = HideXX(20)
print inst4.x
inst4.x = 40
print inst4.x

20
40

实例五：

class Student(object):

    @property
    def score(self):
        return self._score

    @score.setter
    def score(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
        if value < 0 or value > 100:
            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
        self._score = value

stu = Student()
stu.score = 20
print stu.score

20

REF:Core Python Programming