给定一个离散序列: a0,a2,⋯,an,⋯ a 0 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n , ⋯
零阶差分(原序列): Δ0hn=an Δ 0 h n = a n
一阶差分: Δ1hn=an+1−an Δ 1 h n = a n + 1 − a n
二阶差分: Δ2hn=Δ1hn+1−Δ1hn=an+2−2⋅an+1+an Δ 2 h n = Δ 1 h n + 1 − Δ 1 h n = a n + 2 − 2 ⋅ a n + 1 + a n
三阶差分: Δ3hn=Δ2hn+1−Δ2hn=an+3−3⋅an+2+3⋅an+1−an Δ 3 h n = Δ 2 h n + 1 − Δ 2 h n = a n + 3 − 3 ⋅ a n + 2 + 3 ⋅ a n + 1 − a n
p p 阶差分:
观察发现: Δphn=∑i=0p(−1)p−i⋅Cip⋅an+i Δ p h n = ∑ i = 0 p ( − 1 ) p − i ⋅ C p i ⋅ a n + i
如果 ax a x 是关于 x x 的次多项式, 即: ax=∑i=0kbi⋅xi a x = ∑ i = 0 k b i ⋅ x i
Δ1hx=ax+1−ax=∑i=0kbi⋅(x+1)i−∑i=0kbi⋅xi=∑i=0kbi∑j=0iCji⋅xj−∑i=0kbi⋅xi=∑j=0kxj∑i=jkbi⋅Cji−∑i=0kbi⋅xi=∑i=0kxi∑j=ikbj⋅Cij−∑i=0kbi⋅xi=∑i=0kxi⋅(∑j=ik(bj⋅Cij)−bi)=∑i=0k−1xi∑j=i+1kCij⋅bj(80)(81)(82)(83)(84)(85)(86) (80) Δ 1 h x = a x + 1 − a x (81) = ∑ i = 0 k b i ⋅ ( x + 1 ) i − ∑ i = 0 k b i ⋅ x i (82) = ∑ i = 0 k b i ∑ j = 0 i C i j ⋅ x j − ∑ i = 0 k b i ⋅ x i (83) = ∑ j = 0 k x j ∑ i = j k b i ⋅ C i j − ∑ i = 0 k b i ⋅ x i (84) = ∑ i = 0 k x i ∑ j = i k b j ⋅ C j i − ∑ i = 0 k b i ⋅ x i (85) = ∑ i = 0 k x i ⋅ ( ∑ j = i k ( b j ⋅ C j i ) − b i ) (86) = ∑ i = 0 k − 1 x i ∑ j = i + 1 k C j i ⋅ b j
定理1: k k 次多项式差分后为次多项式
差分的线性叠加性: hn=α⋅fn+β⋅gn h n = α ⋅ f n + β ⋅ g n
Δhn=(α⋅fn+1+β⋅gn+1)−(α⋅fn+β⋅gn)=α⋅(fn+1−fn)+β⋅(gn+1−gn)=α⋅Δfn+β⋅Δgn(87)(88)(89) (87) Δ h n = ( α ⋅ f n + 1 + β ⋅ g n + 1 ) − ( α ⋅ f n + β ⋅ g n ) (88) = α ⋅ ( f n + 1 − f n ) + β ⋅ ( g n + 1 − g n ) (89) = α ⋅ Δ f n + β ⋅ Δ g n
对于一个 k k 次多项式
已知它的 Δ0h0,Δ1h0,Δ2h0,⋯,Δkh0 Δ 0 h 0 , Δ 1 h 0 , Δ 2 h 0 , ⋯ , Δ k h 0
根据二项式反演:
已知:
f(n)=∑i=0nCin⋅g(i)
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g(n)=∑i=0n(−1)n−i⋅Cin⋅f(i)
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令: g(n)=Δnh0=⎧⎩⎨∑i=0n(−1)n−i⋅Cin⋅ai(0≤n≤k)0(n>k) g ( n ) = Δ n h 0 = { ∑ i = 0 n ( − 1 ) n − i ⋅ C n i ⋅ a i ( 0 ≤ n ≤ k ) 0 ( n > k )
反演得到: f(n)=an=∑i=0nCin⋅Δih0=∑i=0kCin⋅Δih0 f ( n ) = a n = ∑ i = 0 n C n i ⋅ Δ i h 0 = ∑ i = 0 k C n i ⋅ Δ i h 0
考虑
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sn=∑i=0nai=∑i=0n∑j=0kCji⋅Δjh0=∑j=0kΔjh0∑i=0nCji
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∑i=0nCmi=Cm+1n+1 ∑ i = 0 n C i m = C n + 1 m + 1 (数学归纳法可证明)
sn=∑j=0kΔjh0∑i=0nCji=∑j=0kΔjh0⋅Cj+1n+1=∑i=0kCi+1n+1⋅Δih0 s n = ∑ j = 0 k Δ j h 0 ∑ i = 0 n C i j = ∑ j = 0 k Δ j h 0 ⋅ C n + 1 j + 1 = ∑ i = 0 k C n + 1 i + 1 ⋅ Δ i h 0