Chromium is a big project, and it makes sense to modularize. Many sub-teams work largely independently, such as the sandbox and V8 teams, and the WebKit code is merged on regular schedules. It makes sense to modularize such that these teams can work independently, yet still share common code.
For an overview of the modules that exist, please see Chromium code layout.
Say you need to make a change that adds or changes something in base
for the benefit of something in chrome
.
First you make your change, get it reviewed and checked in. At this point, Chromium is still pulling a specific, older revision of base without your changes. It does this by pulling in a specific version of webkit
, and then specifying that it should use the version of base that the webkit
module is currently using (see the "From" syntax below). Nobody will see your change because of this.
Then you update the webkit
module to pull in your new version of base
. First you need to figure out which version your new version is. It's a good idea to first do svn update
in base/
to make sure everything is up-to-date, then do svn info
. You'll see a Revision
line that tells you the current revision number of the current module. Put this revision number into the webkit/DEPS
file for the base
module. Get this change reviewed and submitted.
At this point, chrome
is still pulling a specific version of webkit
that pulls base
without your change. Repeat the same procedure as before, but this time, make chrome
pull the latest version of webkit
. Along with this deps file changes should go your corresponding changes to Chromium. This allows you to atomically pull in the most recent version and update Chromium to be compatible with it.
Important tip: On the Chromium buildbot page one of the builders is called chrome-release-webkit-latest. This pulls Chromium with the most recent version of WebKit. If your change introduced incompatibilities between base
and chrome
, this will be red until you check in your corresponding changes to Chromium. On the other hand, if you didn't do anything incompatible, if this builder is red, that means it's a bad time to sync WebKit to the latest Chromium! You should make sure the problem is fixed and the builder is green before submitting your change!
Each project depends on a variety of modules. For example, the WebKit project depends on the networking code, our shared base code, and some third-party libraries. Chromium and V8 in turn both depend on WebKit. (In practice, Chromium depends on everything since we are in the Chromium tree). Each project must list the projects it depends on, and which version it wants to pull. We do not support transitive dependencies, so each project must list all of the projects it depends on.
A user's client specifies a set of target solutions to check out. (Yes, please excuse the Visual Studio jargon.) In the simplest case, a user's client only specifies a single solution, say the chrome
solution. The root directory of each solution has a text file named DEPS
that defines the set of dependencies for the project. Users can override these dependencies if desired.
The contents of the DEPS
file is a python associative array, which looks something like the following:
deps = {
"breakpad" : "http://google-breakpad.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@189",
"webkit" : "http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/webkit@3395",
"v8" : "http://v8.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@77829",
...
}
The DEPS
file can easily be used to express a dependency on a subversion tag and other subversion servers:
deps = {
...
"breakpad" : "http://google-breakpad.googlecode.com/svn/tags/1.0.29.0",
...
}
While it is possible for a DEPS
file to specify that the trunk of a dependency be used, it is intended that a DEPS
file instead specify a known good revision number or tag. This ensures that Chromium developers, for example, are insulated from activity on the trunk of a dependency. When the maintainer(s) of the dependency decide to make Chromium use the new revision of the dependency, they just need to contribute a change to the chrome/DEPS
file.
Given that dependencies are not computed recursively, it can be a pain to maintain complex dependency trees manually, especially if modules have multiple overlapping dependencies. To simplify such situations, gclient
supports the From
keyword which can be used to express a dependency in terms of the DEPS
file of another module. For example, you could have:
deps = {
"breakpad" : "http://google-breakpad.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@189",
"webkit" : "http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/webkit@3395",
"v8" : From("webkit"),
...
}
The use of the From
keyword above indicates that the version of "v8" to be pulled should be determined by inspecting webkit/DEPS
.
Some modules like webkit
have very large amounts of test data. For these modules, a good convention is to define a separate module for the test data. In the case of the webkit
module, webkit/DEPS
can define a dependency on the webkit test data module, but chrome/DEPS
can exclude this dependency. As a result, Chromium developers are exempted from having to checkout the WebKit test data by default, but this also does not inconvenience WebKit developers who prefer to check out the test data. Also, by having the test data in a parallel directory, the cost of manually updating just thewebkit directory is minimized.
To facilitate working with a bunch of separately versioned modules, some tooling is needed.
Checkout the depot_tools
package, which includes gclient
, gcl
, and svn
:
$ svn co http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/depot_tools/win depot_tools
(win
can be replaced with mac
or linux
in the path above when working on those platforms.)
Add the
depot_tools
directory to your PATH.
To checkout Chromium the first time, you need to first configure your client:
$ gclient config http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/chrome
This command generates a basic .gclient
file suitable for checking out the specified version of chrome
and its dependencies. See the Advanced Usage section below for details on customizing your.gclient
file.
To actually checkout Chromium and to later update your working copy:
$ gclient sync
or,
$ gclient update
This checks out Chromium and each of the dependencies listed in the chrome/DEPS
file. The dependencies are placed alongside the chrome
directory.
When run, the gclient sync
command looks for a .gclient
file in the current directory or in a parent directory (walking up the parent directory chain until it finds one). It is an error if that file is not found.
The contents of a default .gclient
file looks something like:
solutions = [
{ "name" : "chrome",
"url" : "http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/chrome",
"custom_deps" : {}
}
]
An element of the solutions
array (a solution) describes a repository directory that will be checked out into your working copy. Each solution may optionally define additional dependencies (via its DEPS
file) to be checked out alongside the solution's directory. A solution may also specify custom dependencies (via the custom_deps
property) that override or augment the dependencies specified by theDEPS
file.
Users can edit this file to add new solutions or alter dependencies for a particular solution.
For example, a V8 developer may wish to checkout the V8 trunk alongside a stable version of Chromium. So, they might setup a .gclient
file like so:
solutions = [
{ "name" : "chrome",
"url" : "http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/chrome@5000",
"custom_deps" : {
"v8" : "http://v8.googlecode.com/svn/trunk"
}
}
]
The above specifies that a particular revision of Chromium, r5000, should be used instead of the Chromium trunk. It then specifies that the V8 trunk should be used instead of the version of V8 specified by chrome/DEPS
.
The V8 example is somewhat simple since V8 does not itself have other dependencies. For modules like webkit, specifying custom dependencies for each of WebKit's dependencies is tedious and could potentially get out of sync with what other developers are using (as specified in webkit/DEPS
). So, an alternative approach to working with the trunk of another module is to set up a second solution:
solutions = [
{ "name" : "chrome",
"url" : "http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/chrome@5000",
"custom_deps" : {
"skia" : None,
"webkit" : None,
"v8" : None
}
},
{ "name" : "webkit",
"url" : "http://src.chromium.org/chrome/trunk/src/webkit",
"custom_deps" : {}
}
]
The above .gclient
file specifies that the svn URLs given in chrome/DEPS
for the skia, webkit, and v8 modules should be ignored. Those modules are then fetched according to webkit/DEPS
. Bothchrome/DEPS
and webkit/DEPS
, in this example, specify other common dependencies such as base
. The tool will complain if the two solutions specify conflicting dependencies. A user must explicitly ignore a dependency that conflicts.