Spring注解（一）

一、概述

Spring中的注解大致可以分为两大类：

1. spring的bean容器相关的注解，或者说bean工厂相关的注解；
2. springmvc相关的注解。

其中，spring的bean容器相关的注解有：@Required， @Autowired, @PostConstruct, @PreDestory。还有Spring3.0开始支持的JSR-330标准javax.inject.*中的注解：@Inject, @Named, @Qualifier, @Provider, @Scope, @Singleton。

springmvc相关的注解有：@Controller, @RequestMapping, @RequestParam， @ResponseBody等等。

二、详细介绍

1）Java注解

理解Spring注解前，我们注意到Java中1.5中开始引入注解，我们最熟悉的应该是：@Override, 它的定义如下：

/**
 * Indicates that a method declaration is intended to override a
 * method declaration in a supertype. If a method is annotated with
 * this annotation type compilers are required to generate an error
 * message unless at least one of the following conditions hold:
 * The method does override or implement a method declared in a
 * supertype.
 * The method has a signature that is override-equivalent to that of
 * any public method declared in Object.
 *
 * @author  Peter von der Ahé
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @jls 9.6.1.4 @Override
 * @since 1.5
 */
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}

从注释，我们可以看出，@Override的作用是，提示编译器，使用了@Override注解的方法必须override父类或者java.lang.Object中的一个同名方法。我们看到@Override的定义中使用到了 @Target, @Retention，它们就是所谓的“元注解”——就是定义注解的注解，或者说注解注解的注解(晕了...)。我们看下@Retention

/**
 * Indicates how long annotations with the annotated type are to
 * be retained.  If no Retention annotation is present on
 * an annotation type declaration, the retention policy defaults to
 * RetentionPolicy.CLASS.
 */
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Retention {
    /**
     * Returns the retention policy.
     * @return the retention policy
     */
    RetentionPolicy value();
}

@Retention用于提示注解被保留多长时间，有三种取值：@Retention用于提示注解被保留多长时间，有三种取值：

public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
     * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
     */
    SOURCE,
    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
     * but need not be retained by the VM at run time.  This is the default
     * behavior.
     */
    CLASS,
    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
     * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
     *
     * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
     */
    RUNTIME
}

RetentionPolicy.SOURCE 保留在源码级别，被编译器抛弃(@Override就是此类)； RetentionPolicy.CLASS被编译器保留在编译后的类文件级别，但是被虚拟机丢弃；
RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME保留至运行时，可以被反射读取。
再看 @Target：

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * Indicates the contexts in which an annotation type is applicable. The
 * declaration contexts and type contexts in which an annotation type may be
 * applicable are specified in JLS 9.6.4.1, and denoted in source code by enum
 * constants of java.lang.annotation.ElementType
 * @since 1.5
 * @jls 9.6.4.1 @Target
 * @jls 9.7.4 Where Annotations May Appear
 */
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Target {
    /**
     * Returns an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type
     * can be applied to.
     * @return an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type
     * can be applied to
     */
    ElementType[] value();
}

Target用于提示该注解使用的地方，取值有：

public enum ElementType {
    /** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */
    TYPE,
    /** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */
    FIELD,
    /** Method declaration */
    METHOD,
    /** Formal parameter declaration */
    PARAMETER,
    /** Constructor declaration */
    CONSTRUCTOR,
    /** Local variable declaration */
    LOCAL_VARIABLE,
    /** Annotation type declaration */
    ANNOTATION_TYPE,
    /** Package declaration */
    PACKAGE,
    /**
     * Type parameter declaration
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_PARAMETER,
    /**
     * Use of a type
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_USE
}

分别表示该注解可以被使用的地方：1)类,接口，注解，enum; 2)属性域；3）方法；4）参数；5）构造函数；6）局部变量；7）注解类型；8）包

所以：

@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {
}

表示 @Override 只能使用在方法上，保留在源码级别，被编译器处理，然后抛弃掉。

还有一个经常使用的元注解 @Documented ：

/**
 * Indicates that annotations with a type are to be documented by javadoc
 * and similar tools by default.  This type should be used to annotate the
 * declarations of types whose annotations affect the use of annotated
 * elements by their clients.  If a type declaration is annotated with
 * Documented, its annotations become part of the public API
 * of the annotated elements.
 */
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Documented {
}

表示注解是否能被 javadoc 处理并保留在文档中。